She was right up my alley because i [sic] was forever asking all kinds of questions. [63] Questioned by prosecutor C. Judson Hamlin, Harper said he saw Foerster shot just as Assata Shakur was hit by bullets from Harper's gun. She said that the second shot hit her in the back as she turned to avoid it, and that she fell onto the road for the duration of the gunfight before crawling back into the backseat of the Pontiacwhich Acoli drove 5 miles (8km) down the road and parked. [99] Kennedy objected to this identification on the grounds that the prosecutor, assistant United States attorney Peter Truebner, had offered to stipulate that Shakur was not depicted in any of the photographs. [10] Shakur has said that her aunt was the heroine of her childhood, as she was constantly introducing her to new things. Chesimard v. Mulcahy, 570 F.2d 1184 (3d Cir. Sterling, Guy, and Forero, Juan (May 7, 1998), "On the lam, Chesimard is hardly on her own". Quick Reference. The official BLM statement points out that the Cuban government has acted in solidarity with historically oppressed Black people, including offering political asylum to the American Assata Shakur . (December 13, 1973), "Chesimard Trial Goes To The Jury". She testified that she remained there until State Troopers dragged her onto the road. [133], Shakur was identified as a political prisoner as early as October 8, 1973, by Angela Davis,[180] and in an April 3, 1977, The New York Times advertisement purchased by the Easter Coalition for Human Rights. [233], Following controversy, in 1995, Borough of Manhattan Community College renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur. With the questioning of Acoli, accounts by participants of the confrontation begin to differ (see the witnesses section below). [181] An international panel of seven jurists were invited by Hinds to tour a number of U.S. prisons, and concluded in a report filed with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights that the conditions of her solitary confinement were "totally unbefitting any prisoner". [158] After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. [98] In the retrial, White testified that the six alleged robbers had saved their hair clippings to create disguises, and identified a partially obscured head and shoulder in a photo taken from a surveillance camera as Shakur's. In 1984, she was granted political asylum by the socialist Republic of Cuba then under the leadership of President Fidel Castro. [17] In Oakland, Shakur worked with the BPP to organize protests and community education programs. The correspondence sub-series consist of letters written to or from McCreary ranging in date from 1963-1998. . [59][130][131] An en banc panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed. Hanley, Robert (November 6, 1979). [149] Trooper Harper's reports then state that he ran to the rear of his car and shot at Shakur who had exited the vehicle and was firing from a crouched position next to the vehicle. Seller with a 100% positive feedback. "2d Jury Here Begins Weighing Chesimard Bank-Robbery Case". Krebs, Alan (February 3, 1978), "Notes on People". Under cross-examination, Shakur was unable to explain how three magazines of ammunition and 16 live shells had gotten into her shoulder bag; she also admitted to knowing that Zayd Shakur carried a gun at times, and specifically to seeing a gun sticking out of Acoli's pocket while stopping for supper at a Howard Johnson's restaurant shortly before the shooting. . [115] In November 1974, New York State Supreme Court Justice Peter Farrell dismissed the attempted murder indictment because of insufficient evidence, declaring "The court can only note with disapproval that virtually a year has passed before counsel made an application for the most basic relief permitted by law, namely an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence submitted by the grand jury. . Assata Shakur. [144] According to Kunstler's autobiography, the sizable contingent of New Jersey State Troopers guarding the courthouse were under strict orders from their commander, Col. Clinton Pagano, to completely shun Shakur's defense attorneys. [234] In 2008, a Bucknell University professor included Shakur in a course on "African-American heroes"along with figures such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, John Henry, Malcolm X, and Angela Davis. [81][82] Seven other BLA members were indicted by District Attorney Eugene Gold in connection with the series of holdups and shootings on the same day,[84] whoaccording to Goldrepresented the "top echelon" of the BLA as determined by a year-long investigation. [58][61][62] Acoli was driving the two-door vehicle, Assata Shakur was seated in the right front seat, and Zayd Shakur was in the right rear seat. [128][160], Judge Appleby eventually cut off funds for any further expert defense testimony. ", U.S. fugitive a hero to Fidel, but a curiosity to many, Officials Can't Confirm Chesimard Is in Havana, "BBC Radio 4 - 15 Minute Drama, Assata Shakur - The FBI's Most Wanted Woman, Episode 4", "H.Con.Res.254 105th Congress (1997-1998)", Congresswoman Waters issues statement on U.S. Freedom Fighter Assata Shakur. [81] The trial was delayed for a few days after Shakur was diagnosed with pleurisy. [58] Acoli stopped and exited the car and, after being ordered to halt by a trooper, fled into the woods as the trooper emptied his gun. From 1971 to 1973, the Black Liberation Army was held responsible for a series of sniper attacks and bank robberies in New York, New Jersey, St. Louis, and Detroit. In her 320-page memoir, Shakur gave one paragraph to her marriage, saying that it ended over their differing views of gender roles. [208] In the six months preceding the publications of the book, Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt and attorney, made several trips to Cuba and served as a go-between with Hill. [78], On the charges related to the New Jersey Turnpike shootout, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice. The Reemergence of Class in Critical Race Theory Symposium: Essay: Accumulation". Christol, 2001, p. 140. One man involved in the killing was still wanted at the time of the arrests. [119][122], By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster. See Kirsta, Alix (May 29, 1999), "A black and white case Investigation Joanne Chesimard". "Prosecution Rests Case on Chesimard Robbery Trial; Defendant Ejected". [134][151] Five jurors had personal ties to State Troopers (one girlfriend, two nephews, and two friends). "Squires Jurors Hear Chase Tape". [141] The New Jersey Legal Ethics Committee also investigated complaints against Hinds for comparing Shakur's murder trial to "legalized lynching"[142] undertaken by a "kangaroo court". They mounted a campaign of guerilla activities against the U.S. government, using such tactics as planting bombs, holding up banks, and murdering drug dealers and police. $55.00 + $5.55 shipping. Between 1971 and 1973, Shakur was accused of several crimes, none of which had sufficient evidence to back them. [62] Mutulu Shakur and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape. [205] The book does not give a detailed account of her involvement in the BLA or the events on the New Jersey Turnpike, except to say that the jury "[c]onvicted a woman with her hands up! Assata Shakur was a member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA) which operated as an underground militant revolutionary organization in the U.S. throughout the 1970s. [129], A total of 289articles had been published in the local press relating to the various crimes with which Shakur had been accused. Janson, Donald (February 19, 1977). [13], Shakur attended Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) and then the City College of New York (CCNY) in the mid-1960s, where she became involved in many political activities, civil rights protests, and sit-ins. A neurologist testified that the median nerve in Shakur's right arm was severed by the second bullet, making her unable to pull a trigger. [53] The JTTF would later serve as the "coordinating body in the search for Assata and the renewed campaign to smash the BLA", after her escape from prison. [63] In his opening statement to a jury, Hamlin said that Acoli shot Foerster with a .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol and used Foerster's own gun to "execute him". Her family struggled financially and argued frequently; Shakur spent little time at home. [189][194], For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities and phone calls of her friends and relativesincluding her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattanwere monitored by investigators in an attempt to ascertain her whereabouts. But one issue not raised during his visit was the fate of Assata Shakur, the legendary figure within the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army who now lives in Cuba, where she has political asylum. In 1977, she was convicted in the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. . Fast Facts: Assata Shakur Also Known As: JoAnne Chesimard Born: July 16, 1947, in New York City Chambers, Marcia (December 27, 1973). [81], Sundiata Acoli, Assata Shakur, Trooper Harper, and a New Jersey Turnpike driver who saw part of the incident were the only surviving witnesses. [101], Shakur personally cross-examined the witnesses, getting White to admit that he had once been in love with her; the same day, one juror (who had been frequently napping during the trial) was replaced with an alternate. The member he was arrested with, Assata Shakur - previously known as JoAnne Chesimard - has been a fugitive. [64] That night, the second night of jury deliberation, the jury asked Judge Appleby to repeat his instructions regarding the four assault charges 30minutes before retiring for the night, which led to speculation that the jury had decided in Shakur's favor on the remaining charges, especially the two counts of murder. Sex: Female Race: Black Citizenship: American Scars . [62], Following the 13-minute opening statement by Edward J. Barone, the first assistant Middlesex County prosecutor (directing the case for the state), William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff) moved immediately for a mistrial, calling the eight-count grand jury indictment "adversary proceeding solely and exclusively under the control of the prosecutor", whom Kunstler accused of "improper prejudicial remarks"; Judge Theodore Appleby, noting the frequent defense interruptions that had characterized the previous days' jury selection, denied the motion. [154] Before the jury entered the courtroom, Judge Appleby ordered Shakur's lawyers to remove a copy of Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley from a position on the defense counsel table easily visible to jurors. He was sentenced to life in prison in 1974 for murdering a New Jersey state trooper. Chesimard v. Gagliardi, 489 F.2d 271 (2d Cir. [58] Assata Shakur walked toward the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender. [102] During the retrial, the defendants repeatedly left or were thrown out of the courtroom. Assata Shakur was born JoAnne Bryon. In 1987, her presence in Cuba became widely known when she agreed to be interviewed by Newsday. Emery, Richard, and LaMarche, Gara (June 11, 1980). "[12], On December 21, 1971, Shakur was named by the New York City Police Department as one of four suspects in a hand grenade attack that destroyed a police car and injured two officers in Maspeth, Queens. Waggoner, Walter H. (March 17, 1977). In 2013 Assata Shakur, founding member of the Black Liberation Army, former Black Panther and godmother of Tupac Shakur, became the first ever woman to make the FBI's most wanted. ". "[221] The bounty announcement reportedly caused Shakur to "drop out of sight" after having previously lived relatively openly (including having her home telephone number listed in her local telephone directory). Batista, Carlos (March 18, 2002). [100] Shakur was immediately returned to Morristown, New Jersey, under a heavy guard following the trial. [91], Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new "revelations" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant by then working for the prosecution. Shakur, Assata, and Lewis, Ida E. (November 1, 2000). [25] In 1987, Shakur confirmed to a journalist that there was a drug connection in this incident but refused to elaborate. [93] Judge Gagliardi instructed both the prosecution and the defense not to bring up Shakur or Sadiki's connections to the BLA, saying they were "not relevant". [203], In 1987, she published Assata: An Autobiography, which was written in Cuba. [182][133] Their investigation, which focused on alleged human rights abuses of political prisoners, cited Shakur as "one of the worst cases" of such abuses and including her in "a class of victims of FBI misconduct through the COINTELPRO strategy and other forms of illegal government conduct who as political activists have been selectively targeted for provocation, false arrests, entrapment, fabrication of evidence, and spurious criminal prosecutions". Her autobiography has been cited in relation to critical legal studies[204] and critical race theory. [120][121] The trial was delayed until 1976,[119] when Shakur was represented by Stanley Cohen and Evelyn Williams. [147] Until obtaining a court order, Kunstler was forced to strip naked and undergo a body search before each visit with Shakurduring which Shakur was shackled to a bed by both ankles. According to police, Shakur knocked on the door of a guest's room, asked "Is there a party going on here? [9] [241], In 2015, Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza writes: "When I use Assata's powerful demand in my organizing work, I always begin by sharing where it comes from, sharing about Assata's significance to the Black Liberation Movement, what its political purpose and message is, and why it's important in our context. Most Wanted Terrorists: JOANNE DEBORAH CHESIMARD, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assata_Shakur&oldid=1146866583, Convicted of murder, one of the FBI's "Most Wanted Terrorists", friend of, Bank robbery in Bronx: Conspiracy, robbery, and assault with a deadly weapon, Attempted murder of policemen Michael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana, Turnpike shootout: First-degree murder, second-degree murder, atrocious assault and battery, assault and battery against a police officer, assault with a dangerous weapon, assault with intent to kill, illegal possession of a weapon, and armed robbery, Assault and battery against a police officer, Christol, Helene. [23] She identified as an African and felt her old name no longer fit: "It sounded so strange when people called me Joanne. [10] According to her attorney Lennox Hinds, Shakur "understates the awfulness of the condition in which she was incarcerated", which included vaginal and anal searches. Assata Shakur: from civil rights activist to FBI's most-wanted A leading figure in the 70s Black Liberation Army, Shakur was given life for murder in 1977. [37], In 1972, Shakur became the subject of a nationwide manhunt after the FBI alleged that she led a Black Liberation Army cell that had conducted a "series of cold-blooded murders of New York City police officers". [206][207] The book was published by Lawrence Hill & Company in the United States and Canada but the copyright is held by Zed Books Ltd. of London due to "Son of Sam" laws, which restrict who can receive profits from a book. One issue that was not raised publicly during his visit was the fate of Assata Shakur, the legendary figure within the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army who now lives in Cuba . [58][60] Recordings of Trooper Harper calling the dispatcher were played at the trials of both Acoli and Assata Shakur. campaign is coordinated by Chicago-area Black Radical Congress activists. Kaufman, Michael T. (January 30, 1973). [56] Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur. [124] "Assata Shakur: Profiled and on the Run". [224] Calls for Shakur's extradition increased following Fidel Castro's transfer of presidential duties;[222] in a May 2005 television address, Castro had called Shakur a victim of racial persecution, saying "they wanted to portray her as a terrorist, something that was an injustice, a brutality, an infamous lie. Assata had several warrants for her arrest on charges . Patty Hearst Vintage Original 1975 FBI Wanted Poster Symbionese Liberation Army. [71], Her defense team alleged that her medical care during this period was "substandard". The Black Liberation Army (BLA) is an urban guerrilla group closely patterned after the principles of Carlos Marighella. [140], Her attorneys, in particular Lennox Hinds, were often held in contempt of court, which the National Conference of Black Lawyers cited as an example of systemic bias in the judicial system. "Cuba seeks deals with US to fight terror, migrant smuggling". Shakur was convicted May 2, 1973, of killing of a New Jersey state trooper during a shootout that left one of her fellow activists dead. Chesimard v. Kuhlthau, 370 F. Supp. [10] The official premiere of the film in Havana in 2004 was promoted by Casa de las Amricas, the main cultural forum of the Cuban government. Olugbala means "savior" in Yoruba. Tools Sundiata Acoli (born January 14, 1937, [1] as Clark Edward Squire) is an American political activist who was a member of the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army. [15] In April 1967, she married Louis Chesimard, a fellow student-activist at CCNY. [94] This trial resulted in a hung jury and then a mistrial, when the jury reported to Gagliardi that they were hopelessly deadlocked for the fourth time. [93], The retrial was delayed for one day to give the defendants more time to prepare. New Jersey State Police superintendent Rick Fuentes said "she is now 120pounds of money. [165] The charges were dismissed without trial. [148] Her lawyers also claimed that their offices were bugged. A condition of making a new deal between the United States and Cuba is the release of political prisoners and the return of fugitives from justice. Abstract Marighella proposes two essential objectives for the urban guerrilla: physical liquidation of armed forces and police chiefs and assistants, and appropriation of government resources and those belonging to the elite . The reward for her capture and return was also doubled to $2 million. Nehanda Abiodun, a radical black nationalist who was charged in the deadly botched robbery of a Brink's armored truck in 1981 and then spent decades as a fugitive in Cuba, a hero to would-be. The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest the low numbers of black faculty and the lack of a black studies program. Mar 24, 2017 at 5:05 pm. ", Waggoner, Walter H. (February 14, 1977). "Bounty hunt for US cop killer on Cuba". [127] She was the only one of the six suspects in the robbery to be brought to trial. They financed this by stealing $105,000 from a Bamberger's store in Paramus, New Jersey. There were people [in the BLA] who absolutely took the position that it was just time to resist, and if black people didn't start to fight back against police brutality and didn't start to wage armed resistance, we would be annihilated. [110] Neurosurgeon Dr. Arthur Turner Davidson, Associate Professor of Surgery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, testified that the wounds in her upper arms, armpit and chest, and severed median nerve that instantly paralyzed her right arm, would only have been caused if both arms were raised, and that to sustain such injuries while crouching and firing a weapon (as described in Trooper Harper's testimony) "would be anatomically impossible". [70], With gunshot wounds in both arms and a shoulder, Assata Shakur was moved to Middlesex General Hospital under "heavy guard" and was reported to be in "serious condition". At the rally, a statement from Shakur was circulated condemning U.S. prison conditions and calling for an independent "New Afrikan" state. Chesimard was . After a bomb threat was made against Judge Appleby, Sheriff Joseph DeMarino lied to the press about the exact date of her transfer to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; He later claimed the threat to be the cause of his falsification. Shakur was identified as wanted for questioning after a September 1, 1972, bank robbery in the Bronx. Numerous musicians have composed and recorded songs about her or dedicated to her: Digable Planets, The Underachievers and X-Clan have also recorded songs about Shakur. Shakur was arrested in 1973 and later sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a state trooper. [70] Shakur admitted to carrying an identification card with the name "Justine Henderson" in her billfold the night of the shootout, but denied using any of the aliases on the long list that Barone proceeded to read. Shakur a former member of the Black Liberation Army had been injured during the shootout, which involved two other BLA members and State Troopers James Harper and Werner Foerster, the latter of which was killed. Browse, borrow, and enjoy titles from the Minuteman Library Network digital collection. 1978). In the Matter of Hinds, 449 A.2d 483 (N.J. 1982). "Squire Charged With 'Execution'". Being an active member in the black libertarian army allowed Assata Shakur to have a powerful . Montgomery, Paul L. (February 20, 1972), "3D Suspect Linked To Police Slayings". [115] Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were accused of entering the bar with pistols and shotguns, taking $50 from the register, kidnapping the bartender, leaving a note demanding a $20,000 ransom from the bar owner, and fleeing in a rented truck. Dos aos despus de ser condenada, Assata Shakur escap de la crcel y obtuvo asilo poltico en Cuba, donde vive en la actualidad. [78][134][137] Of these attorneys, Kunstler, Ball, Cohen, Myers, Stern and Williams appeared in court for the turnpike trial. [70] Ball's questioning ended with the following exchange: On that night of May 2[n]d, did you shoot, kill, execute or have anything to do with the death of Trooper Werner Foerster? [103] Both defendants were acquitted in the retrial; six jurors interviewed after the trial stated that they did not believe the two key prosecution witnesses. "Police See More Military Arms in Use". [67], Acoli drove the car (a white Pontiac LeMans with Vermont license plates)[62]which contained Assata Shakur, who was wounded, and Zayd Shakur, who was dead or dying5 miles (8km) down the road. "F.B.I. Shakur herself was called as a witness on March 15, the first witness called by the defense; she denied shooting either Harper or Foerster, and also denied handling a weapon during the incident. Assata Shakur expresses her concerns about how her fellow people have been treated in America. After the vehicle was pulled over, two men stepped out of the vehicle and opened fire on NYPD officers John Scarangella and Richard Rainey. [113], Shakur was extradited to New York City on May 6,[114] arraigned on May 11 (pleading not guilty), and remanded to jail by Justice Albert S. McGrover of the State Supreme Court, pending a pretrial hearing on July 2. [219], On May 2, 2005, the 32nd anniversary of the Turnpike shootings, the FBI classified her as a domestic terrorist, increasing the reward for assistance in her capture to $1million,[193][220] the largest reward placed on an individual in the history of New Jersey. [90] Both defendants were repeatedly cited for contempt of court and eventually barred from the courtroom, where the trial continued in their absence. [99] Although both White and Rivers testified that Shakur was wearing overalls during the robbery, the person identified as Shakur in the photograph was wearing a jacket. [193] In New York, three days after her escape, more than 5,000 demonstrators organized by the National Black Human Rights Coalition carried signs with the same slogan. I didn't feel like no Joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. The Black Liberation Army (BLA) was an underground Marxist-Leninist, black-nationalist militant organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. . I have spent many days and nights behind bars thinking about this trial, this outrage. Members of the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey expressed their anger over Common's "A Song For Assata". Getty Images Joanne Chesimard, or Assata Shakur, is New Jersey's most wanted fugitive for killing a state trooper and then fleeing to Cuba in 1979. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, . The two men were charged with the murder of Officer Scarangella and attempted murder of Officer Rainey. [132], The nine-week trial was widely publicized, and was even reported on by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS). "[12], On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45a.m.,[58] Assata Shakur, along with Zayd Malik Shakur (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick for driving with a broken tail light by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle. [117] Freeman was said to have later escaped unhurt. She became involved in political activism at Borough of Manhattan Community College and City College of New York. Last week, it. [186][187] No one was injured during the prison break, including the officers held as hostages who were left in a parking lot. Hepp, Rick (October 31, 2004). [212] Shakur later published an extensive criticism of the NBC segment, which inter-spliced footage of Trooper Foerster's grieving widow with an FBI photo connected to a bank robbery of which Shakur had been acquitted. She was questioned by her own attorney, Stuart Ball, for under 40minutes, and then cross-examined by Barone for less than two hours (see the Witnesses section below). [165] Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of cash and personal property. State correction officials disclosed in November 1979 that they had not run identity checks on Shakur's visitors[190] and that the three men and one woman who assisted in her escape had presented false identification to enter the prison's visitor room,[191] before which they were not searched. 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( March 18, 2002 ) New Jersey trooper! 127 ] she was the only one of the murder of Officer Scarangella and attempted murder a!, 449 A.2d 483 ( N.J. 1982 ) Radical Congress activists May 29, )! N'T feel like no Joanne, or no amerikan asked `` is there party! ] Assata Shakur New York and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several crimes none!