Douglass soon succeeds in getting some of his fellow slaves interested in learning how to read. Lane's anthology of essays The Debate Over Slavery: Stanley Elkins and His Critics (1971). The slaves were being compared to three major slave characters, Sambo, Jack, and Nat. Blassingame notes, "Antebellum black slaves created several unique cultural forms which lightened their burden of oppression, promoted group solidarity, provided ways for verbalizing aggression, sustaining hope, building self-esteem, and often represented areas of life largely free from the control of whites. Douglass is grateful that Mr. Freeland is not a hypocritically religious man. Jacob names the baby Benjamin, and he takes the infant on a pilgrimage to the Jewish holy lands of Israel. Blassingame responded to questions and critiques from the panel. For Douglass, the difference between the Revolutionaries and slaves is widened by the fact that slaves do not benefit from the citizens rights for which the Revolutionaries fought. He complains that it "parodies the basic complexity of the 'psychology' of the oppressed who simultaneously view themselves in socially negative terms while struggling against the view of themselves and their behavior". He remarks, "Nothing demonstrated his powerlessness as much as the slave's inability to prevent the forcible sale of his wife and children."[21]. Check out this sample Study Guide. 21, 22. Dont waste Your Time Searching For a Sample, The Life, Career and Connection to the LGBT Community of the British Singer, Elton John, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas An American Slave, Human Trafficking in Time of Transatlantic Slave Trade, Aphra Bhen's Oroonoko "The royal Slave" and "Candide, Or Optimism". Marian DeB. Slave owners keep slaves ignorant of basic facts about themselves, such as their birth date or their paternity. Despite criticisms, The Slave Community is a foundational text in the study of the life and culture of slaves in the Antebellum South. This is said to have biased his work towards the slaves and didnt provide enough consideration to the other side of the slavery story. I'm thinking this sounds right but I'm not an expert on population. A cultural and social history, The Slave Community purports to explore the lived experience and cultural activities of enslaved people as well as their relationships with each other and white people in the Southern United States. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Originally published in 1972, the book was heavily revised, expanded, and republished in 1979. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. Douglass recalls that he loved them and that they operated together as a single community. Get your custom essay on, The Slave Community by John W. Blassingame , Get to Know The Price Estimate For Your Paper, "You must agree to out terms of services and privacy policy". Although African American academics such as W. E. B. "[20] He contends: While the form of family life in the quarters differed radically from that among free Negroes and whites, this does not mean it failed to perform many of the traditional functions of the familythe rearing of children being one of the most important of these functions. They move to Pilitz together and Jacob finds work as a teacher. "Reevaluating the Antebellum Slave Community: A Comparative Perspective". What source or textbook are you using for your questions. in 1940. Douglass writes that they immediately knew who the betrayer was, but he does not reveal who they suspected. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Previously, his labor translated into invisible profit for his masters, but when he begins apprenticing at shipyards, he begins to receive the monetary value of his labor. Instead, Douglass complains to Hugh Auld, who becomes surprisingly indignant on Douglasss behalf. The Jack type of slaves were dutiful slaves only until their owners began to treat them badly and then they became angry and unwilling to work. Renews April 24, 2023 Yet the slaves value their education so highly that they attend Douglass's school despite the threat of punishment. (2017, Mar 16). There was, however, little discussion of the reciprocal activities of slave women." The Narrative goes on to show that the words American and slave are contradictory: the rights afforded by the designation American are nonexistent for slaves. He further states that slaves were respected in a somewhat different way than one typically views respect because of what they were worth to white slave owners. The Slave Community contradicted those historians who had interpreted history to suggest that African-American slaves were docile and submissive "Sambos" who enjoyed the benefits of a paternalistic master-slave relationship on southern plantations. Wali, Hina, et al. April 17, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 The few exceptions include Charles S. Sydnor. They know what it feels like to be unable to protect their own children. "[17] Blassingame asserts that the most significant instance revolved around Protestant Christianity (primarily Baptist and Methodist churches): "The number of blacks who received religious instruction in antebellum white churches is significant because the church was the only institution other than the plantation which played a major role in acculturating the slave. Eugene D. Genovese, "Toward a Psychology of Slavery: An Assessment of the Contribution of. [14], As Christian missionaries and slaveowners attempted to erase African religious and spiritual beliefs, Blassingame argues that "in the United States, many African religious rites were fused into onevoodoo." resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. The second half of Chapter X continues to shift between personal accounts and public arguments against slavery. For instance, he challenges Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman's economic and statistical study of slavery in Time on the Cross. Rediker's book provides a deeper understanding of the slaving industry. This book was written in an effort to project the experiences of American slaves from their standpoint rather than from the standpoint of the slave owners. Eventually, she delivers Jacob's baby, but when she screams out in pain, she reveals her pagan ethnicity, and when she dies in childbirth, the community bury her with the donkeys, not the people. Spartacus is one of the slaves he buys. Douglass moves from the personal account of the rest of the year under Covey to a general analysis of the holiday that slave owners give their slaves between Christmas and New Years. Douglass compares Auld to a pirate who has a right to Douglasss wages only because he has the power to compel Douglass to hand them over. He begins to despair. In a 1976 edition of Roll, Jordan, Roll, Eugene Genovese explains that Blassingame's book "demonstrates that the published accounts of runaway slaves can be illuminating". Panelists included Mary Frances Berry, Herbert Gutman, Leslie Howard Owens, George Rawick, Earl Thorpe, and Eugene Genovese. Rawick, "Some Notes on a Social Analysis of Slavery", pp. (1973). He describes how white interviewers often deleted material contrary to the paternalistic image of the antebellum South which they wanted to present. But the attraction is too overwhelming for him to resist, and they have sex. [63] In Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South (1978), Albert J. Raboteau comments, "We should speak of the 'invisibility' of slave religion with irony: it is the neglect of slave sources by historians which has been the main cause of this invisibility." In the Journal of American History, Willie Lee Rose writes that Blassingame's use of the fugitive slave narratives is marred by his neglect of the WPA interviews. Interpersonal behavior revolves around the dominant-submissive axes: "One form of behavior tends to elicit its complement: dominance leads to submission and vice versa. Tensions at the shipyard increase when the white carpenters suddenly strike to protest the free black carpenters who Gardner has hired. "[11], Blassingame asserts that historians have discussed "what could be generally described as slave 'culture,' but give little solid information on life in the quarters. Blassingame concludes, "Uncritical use of the interviews will lead almost inevitably to a simplistic and distorted view of the plantation as a paternalistic institution where the chief feature of life was mutual love and respect between masters and slaves. "[35] According to Blassingame, the goal of the irrationally organized and understaffed plantation was not the systematic torture and extermination of its laborers, who were "worth more than a bullet". The The Slave Community Note includes chapter-by-chapter summary and analysis, character list, theme list, historical context, author biography and quizzes written by community members like you. Thanks Writer Lyla you are indeed awesome . [20], Blassingame asserts that slave parents attempted to shield infants and young children from the brutality of the plantation. When the autobiographies are accepted both as records of the unique experiences of each individual author and as eyewitness accounts of several slave communities, they are clearly "representative". Please wait while we process your payment. The Slave Community by John W Blassingame is a significant revisionist work that places the slave as an individual at the centre of its analysis and argument. At Thomas Aulds, Douglass and the others learn that someone has betrayed them. Though Douglass remains with Freeland for another year in 1835, by this time he desires his freedom more strongly than ever. Thesis: The Slave Communityattacked Stanley Elkins' idea that Southern slavery was so severe that it destroyed slave culture, producing a race of Sambosdocile, child-like slaves who depended on and doted on their masters. On the morning of their planned escape, Douglass works in thefields as usual. Previous. Featured Collections. Douglass is to learn the trade of ship caulking. 3-4 Chapter 3: Culture Pages 105-129 Black Slave's Cultural Forms: -emotional religion -folk songs and tales -dances -superstitions Slave's culture, like language, customs, beliefs and ceremonies, set them apart from their masters Slave's thoughts, values, ideals and behavior greatly influenced by these Personal [31] Blassingame concludes that the Sambo and Nat stereotypes "were real." The Exploration of Metaphysical Slavery in The Slave. Generally, the public, or persuasivesections of the Narrative generally either disprove pro-slavery arguments, present antislavery arguments, or disabuse readers of misinformation or misinterpretation about the practices of slave owners. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. He decides to return, and he takes her as his wife. In the new preface, Blassingame asserted that the book had to be revised because of George Bentley, an enslaved, pro-slavery Primitive Baptist minister from Tennessee who pastored a white church in the 1850s. Du Bois criticized Phillips's depiction of slaves,[2] the book was considered the authoritative text on slavery in America until the 1950s. He argues that slaves had instead been infantilized, or "made" into Sambos, by the brutal treatment received at the hands of slaveowners and overseers. Blassingame outlines that the reliance on planter sources led historians like Elkins to mimic planter stereotypes of slaves such as the "submissive half-man, half child" Sambo. According to Blassingame, these periodicals printed slave interviews, letters, and autobiographies, but "gave even more coverage to white Southerners than to slaves and frequently reprinted articles, letters, and proceedings from a large number of Southern newspapers". "[20] Blassingame notes that when a slave couple resided on the same plantation, the husband witnessed the whipping and raping of his wife and the sale of his children. The book analyzes three main personality types of black slaves. Pushing his suspicions even further, Nietzsche speculates that the valuation originally placed on altruism, insofar as it encourages acting for others instead of oneself, is an expression of what he calls "herd morality" - the morality of the many and the weak, the function of which is to preserve the community and, at the same time, to . The irony with which Douglass writes of American human rights in theory and in practice also seems present in the Narratives subtitle, An American Slave. Kilson believes that Blassingame ultimately failed in his analysis because "his intellectual integration of social and psychological orientations has yet to be fully achieved. Bringing African's over to America brought a whole new culture to America. Sandy Jenkins initially intends to accompany them, but eventually decides to remain. Plantation Life In The Antebellum South Summary. Whether compiled by planters, doctors, clergymen, army officers, or census takers, statistics on slavery mean little until combined with literary material. Furthermore, enslaved people had complex relationships with white people, specifically slave women being white mens mistresses or raising the children of plantation owners. While ministers preached obedience in the presence of the slaveowners and other whites, slaves often met in secret, "invisible" services unsupervised by whites. He goes on to suggest that slaves survived because they were able to engage in stories, dances and other rituals that were important to their culture. At the school Spartacus learns how to fight as a gladiator. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. They questioned Blassingame's decision to exclude the more than 2,000 interviews with former slaves conducted by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s. "[67], Elizabeth Fox-Genovese makes similar observations in Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (1988). At the end of the Easter holidays, all the slaves but Douglass are taken home. thissection. A cultural and social history, The Slave Community purports to explore the lived experience and cultural activities of enslaved people as well as their relationships with each other and white people in the Southern United States. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Word soon spreads, and Douglass surreptitiously begins to hold a Sabbath school in the cabin of a free black. Free trial is available to new customers only. "[41] Still, Blassingame defends his reliance on autobiographies, noting, "The portrait of the institution of slavery which emerges from the narratives is not the simple picture of hell on earth that most historians have led us to believe they contain. Music, songs, and dances were similar to those performed or played in Africa. [15], Slaveowners and state governments tried to prevent slaves from making or playing musical instruments because of the use of drums to signal the Stono Rebellion in 1739. Plot Summary. The extent of submissiveness often depends on the structure of the group to which the person belongs. He notes that arguments against the use of these autobiographies used by historians revolve around reliability: "Many historians refuse to use these accounts because they have felt the fugitive, as the primary sufferer in the institution, was unable to give an objective account of bondage. He continues, "Given the concern with the 'personal autonomy' and culture of the slave, much of the book is devoted to the African heritage; to slave music, religion, and folklore; and to the discussion of the slave family and other personal relationships." He explains, "The more fear whites had of Nat, the more firmly tried to believe in Sambo in order to escape paranoia. We have had very largely a male-dominated literature about slavery." Kilson criticized The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South by saying that it lacks a clear analytical perspective (Kilson, 1132). add to "up next" mark as owned [70] The most significant changes made to the text involve further discussion of African cultural survivals, slave family life, slave culture, and acculturation. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Blassingame is an important author because he had the courage to write such a book that provides readers with the opposite side of the slavery picture than had ever been presented before. [55] According to George Rawick, "We desperately need work that depicts and analyzes the lives of black women under slavery. On the way, Douglass and the others speak together, agreeing to destroy their written passes and admit nothing. Consequently, the slave did not have to be infantile or abjectly docile in order to remain alive. Instead, Blassingame suggests that black American slaves were instead forced to endure servant hood at the expense of their culture, family life, religion and life values. Kolchin, Peter. John W. Blassingame was a black historian interested in the issue of slavery in America. This play was published in 1843, as part of a source book of antislavery readings for use by students and at antislavery society meetings. [41], Besides fugitive slave narratives, Blassingame uses abolitionist periodicals such as The Liberator, National Anti-Slavery Standard, Pennsylvania Freeman, Anti-Slavery Bugle, and Genius of Universal Emancipation. Blassingame has also written several other books and articles that revolve around the issue of slavery in America. According to this theory, "a person's behavior is generally determined by the socially defined roles or the behavioral patterns expected of him in certain situations. Engerman concedes that The Slave Community "is a book written at a time of transition in the interpretation of slavery and black culture", but "the author at times seems unsure of the direction in which he is pointing." Next. I'm sorry, your question has no connection to your chosen category. Each week, Douglass turns over all his wages to Hugh Auld. As an apprentice who is not free, Douglass continues working at Gardners, but he endures severe physical intimidation from the white apprentices. History and African sections. Sethe refuses to let her children exist in such a world. Douglass explains that this strategy helps keep blacks enslaved. Hugh Auld comes to resemble a thief who steals what is not his, rather than an owner of property by which he profits. The book is considered crucial to the study of American slavery and African American history. Baby Suggs sensed a "dark and coming thing" in the distance, but the atmosphere of jealousy created by the townspeople clouded her perception. "The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South" by John W. Blassingame is the first book about slavery written by a historian in the viewpoint of slaves rather than slave owners. Not affiliated with Harvard College. According to Blassingame, these personality types were important to white slave owners because obvioulsy they wanted the Sambo type of slave because they could be counted upon to perform their duties without causing problems. The Question and Answer section for The Slave is a great A black man, they reasoned, who loved his wife and his children was less likely to be rebellious or to run away than would a 'single' slave. The family was, in short, an important survival mechanism."[24]. Well occasionally send you promo and account related email. Since slave parents were primarily responsible for training their children, they could cushion the shock of bondage for them, help them to understand their situation, teach them values different from those their masters tried to instill in them, and give them a referent for self-esteem other than the master. However, enslaved people often played into their masters expectations to protect themselves and each other from punishment, hiding their genuine emotions and frequently reject[ing] the arguments (305) of their own racial inferiority. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American historian John W. Blassingame. He concludes that an "E. P. Thompson for the American Black community during slavery is still off-stage", and that the topic needs exploration by a social or economic historian. Background Notes. Blassingame joined the module of Yale University in 1970. where he taught in the African American Studies. He asserts that by concentrating on the slaveowner, historians have presented a distorted view of plantation life that "strips the slave of any meaningful and distinctive culture, family life, religion, or manhood." "[36], Another psychological theory used by Blassingame is role theory. The Slave Ship: A Human History Summary. Douglass spends time at home recovering, and later he becomes an apprentice at Hugh Aulds own shipyard. Purchasing Focusing on the perspective of the slave, new studies incorporated the slave narratives and WPA interviews: George Rawick's From Sunup to Sundown: The Making of the Black Community (1972), Eugene D. Genovese's Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (1974), Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion (1974), Leslie Howard Owens's This Species of Property: Slave Life and Culture in the Old South (1976), Herbert G. Gutman's The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 17501925 (1976), Lawrence W. Levine's Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (1977), and Albert J. Raboteau's Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South (1978). Douglass must turn over these wages to Hugh Auld each week, however. As a result, they had to give up many aspects of their culture because they didnt have the time to practice them because of the time spent working and being watched. Douglass writes travel passes, signed by their master, for each of them. His written work is based on authentic accounts from actual slaves and gives a real account of the experiences of black slaves in America. The plot summaries are just an introduction to a theme. Instead, Blassingame suggests that black American slaves were instead forced to endure servant hood at the expense of their culture, family life, religion and life values. The children are still clean, whereas slavery has sullied her and the other slaves who lived under it. This is a dangerous undertaking, as educating slaves is forbidden; the community violently shuts down a similar school run by a white man. Blassingame explains, "Our sense of self-esteem is heightened or lowered by our perception of the images others have of us." This is a dangerous undertaking, as educating slaves is forbidden; the community violently shuts down a similar school run by a white man. (one code per order). There, they live through Benjamin's childhood, until he finds his calling as a lecturer. I'm not sure what exactly you are asking here. Content Warning: The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South contains dehumanizing, racially-charged language and mentions of physical and sexual violence against enslaved people. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South paints a very different picture of slavery than had ever been written about before. In Chapter X we see Douglass working for wages for the first time. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Finally, Blassingame provides an attempt to show that black slaves werent submissive to white slave owners and were able to hold onto some aspects of their culture which provided much more freedom from restraint and more independence and autonomy than his institutionally defined role allowed. In chapter one of the slave community book, the author initiates the chapter with a poem by Robert Hayden that's basically telling the horrors of the middle passage, the trips the Africans took to the Americas. Next, Blassingame details how enslaved people created a unique culture out of their African roots and Southern adaptations. Instead of equating Freeland with free land, Douglass uses the pun to point out that belonging to Freeland is not as good a guarantee as living on free land.. In Chapter X, however, Douglass reveals the close friendships he develops at Freelands and shows that he relies on friends support. [57] Rawick states that Blassingame's "first major error lies in adopting the very questionable deterministic social psychological role theories associated with Erving Goffman and Harry Stack Sullivan." The Slave Community contradicted those historians who had interpreted history to suggest that African-American slaves were docile and submissive "Sambos" who enjoyed the benefits of a paternalistic masterslave relationship on southern plantations. The carpenters constantly summon and yell at Douglass, who cannot help them all at once. Douglass alludes to Henrys famous declaration, Give me liberty or give me death. While Henry faces a choice between political independence and oppression, escaping slaves must choose between two unattractive optionsthe familiar ills of slavery and the unknown dangers of escape. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Can you re-state your question? [69], Blassingame explains that he incorporated the suggestions published in Revisiting Blassingame's The Slave Community "without long protestation or argument". [19], Slave marriages were illegal in southern states, and slave couples were frequently separated by slaveowners through sale. Blassingame addresses the historiography of slavery published between 1972 and 1978 in the revised edition. The Slave is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning Polish-American author Isaac Bashevis Singer. To let her children exist in such a world towards the slaves and gives a real of! Interviewers often deleted material contrary to the study of the group to which the person.... According to George Rawick, `` Our sense of self-esteem is heightened or lowered by Our perception of the industry... Genovese, `` some Notes on a pilgrimage the slave community sparknotes the study of the Easter holidays, all the slaves Douglass... Books and articles that revolve around the issue of slavery: Stanley Elkins and his Critics ( ). Paper samples on various topics do n't see it, please check your folder. 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