During the winter, it is important that you keep your ponytail palm indoors to protect it from the frost. Chamaedorea is the botanical genus of over 100 types of low-growing palms native to the Americas, including Chamaedorea elegans (common name: Neanthe Belle or Parlor Palma very common . If the location is too bright, consider getting shears. Propagating the Caryota mitis is easy thanks to its tendency to grow in clumps. If this happens, halt fertilization and remove all damaged leaves. It does best in warm climates and will tolerate a light frost, but is not cold hardy. Viveka Neveln is the Garden Editor at BHG and a degreed horticulturist with broad gardening expertise earned over 3+ decades of practice and study. In nature, this palm produces flowers that resemble a mop head and sprout in a clump. You can use them when the plant is still fairly small. Soggy soil can lead to root rot, so it is important to fix this problem quickly. The ends of the leaves split as they mature giving them the look of a fishtail. Thus, this is likewise the best place to put them in your garden, amongst (and under) the larger trees. Although the full sun is best, it can tolerate indoor growth so long as the temperature is right. Hollie has written for a number of publications and is now the resident garden blogger here at GardenBeast. palm's stems/trunks can be cut off at or close to ground level without As with water too much fertilizer is way worse than lack of it. A range of 65 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit is ideal for fishtail palms. create a draping mass of deep green leaves among large trunks as they You can resume applying fertilizers again in 2 months. Water until water runs out of the drainage holes at the bottom of the pot. To boost efficiency, use a seedling heat mat to keep a steady temperature of about 70 degrees. Better Homes & Gardens - 100 years of powering your passions at home. Let's take a look at how to grow foxtail palms in your garden. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Besides, follow a steady watering schedule and keep an eye on your plant. Want to learn more about South Florida planting, watering, fertilizing and dealing with weeds and pests? Larger-scale plants like crinum lily or selloum philodendron - or more Can you grow it with very little light? in. These trees naturally grow among taller palms that filter light and provide protection from direct sun in the heat of the day. After all, the fishtail palm can be a bit picky about its growing environment. Plant Care Sunlight Full or partial shade when growing outdoors. Mature Caryota mitis plants have interesting leaves that have a dark green color with rough edges. To get to see, youll need to remove the outer flesh, which contains oxalic acid crystals which irritate skin. The ponytail palm is a low grower. For Fishtail palms however, very little pruning is required for their maintenance. Zones 10-11. 17 Effective Plants to Keep Cats Away + Deterrent Methods, When is it Too Late To Use Weed And Feed? What you Need to Know About Fishtail Palm, As a houseplant, you wont have to worry too much about attacks from pests and bugs. In addition to this, this plant only requires water twice a month during the winter and other colder months as it is dormant. So, avoid placing them next to the AC or drafty windows. It may be a plant that loves balmy climates, but it is relatively easy to cultivate indoors with minimal care. If you live in a warm climate such as in Florida or the southern West Coast, the Fishtail Palm tree will be a perfect addition to your home or garden. In general, a general purpose liquid palm fertilizer will work well with the plant. During its growing season you want to feed it once a month following the instructions on the product label. Moreover, if you only have one large, bulky stem, its very unwise to cut it. At a minimum, give your tree a slow-release fertilizer every few months. How much light they get is directly related to how well they grow and how long they live. Thus, ideal climate conditions for it is sunlight all year round with the temperatures staying between 70 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. In the winter, you should limit the number of times you water the plant to prevent the soil from getting soggy. So, another way of looking of suckers are as it they are baby trees that grow from horizontal roots (at the base of the plant). Little stems should start to grow all around the outside of the trimmed edge. It makes a good houseplant and is used commonly in commercial settings. When you first purchase your indoor fishtail palm plant, its important to inspect the root structure. In the outdoors, they grow amidst taller trees that help filter out the light and heat, so plant them in a sunny spot that gets morning sun and less direct light later in the day. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Simulate humidity by misting the leaves with lukewarm water every day or use a humidifier. But you dont have to worry: there is nothing too challenging to accomplish! What is a Cutting Garden & How To Plan Your Own? She has more than 20 years of experience writing and editing for both print and digital media. This depends on the variety. It won't spread as much or grow as fast as bamboo, These palms produce new growth at the tops of the stalks, so this will prevent the plant from growing taller. How to Grow and Care for Bird of Paradise. Gently slide it out of its container and move it to one a size bigger. This comes in the form of iron, magnesium and manganese. Every couple of years should suffice. Light is a limiting factor when growing fishtail palms because most indoor lighting can't equal the bright light these trees need to thrive. Cooler temperatures give the palm time to rest before the growing season begins. As such, it only makes sense to keep the plant inside when it is still young. However, it needs bright light. Each of the small red fruits contains a single seed, which is edible if you completely clean off the stinging outer flesh that contains oxalic acid crystals. Fishtail palms are native to the humid and tropical forests of Asia, northern Australia, and the South Pacific. Thus, ideal climate conditions for it is sunlight all year round with the temperatures staying between 70 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Plant them in coir-based potting soil that is well-draining to prevent root rot and to support healthy growth. Cooler temperatures give the palm time to rest before the growing season begins. Fishtail Palm Guide: How to Grow & Care for Caryota Mitis, Chinese Fan Palm Care: How to Plant & Grow Livistona chinensis. To boost your palms growth, you should add a liquid fertilizer during the growing season (in the spring and summer). Both their size and need for lots of natural light make them harder to grow indoors. This makes big yards, foyers and other high ceiling open areas the best places to put them. planting in a row, situate them about 5 or 6 feet (or more) apart. Ready to plant your first ponytail palm? Carefully remove the palm by gently pulling on it, or use the shovel for additional help. That is, while similar is structure, each blade has multiple leaflets. (USDA Plant Hardiness Zones), Why is My Phlox Not Flowering? How Much Light Does A Ponytail Palm Need? Additionally, its need for a lot of light is the second biggest issue that makes the fishtail palm hard to grow indoors. The idea is to fill the tray with water while resting the pot on the bricks so that the soil does not make contact with the water. This palm will enjoy the bright sunlight that comes from a south or west-facing window. Both are important for it to survive. Zones 10-11. Keep reading to find out how to grow fishtail palms. If it is low, try adding a humidifier near the plant, place the pot on top of a pebble tray, or begin misting the leaves daily. Make sure to only plant them just under the soil as opposed to deeply burying them. Bright, indirect light is best, although fishtail palms will survive in almost any type of light. It is sometimes grown indoors as a large houseplant. It is a large tree reaching 50 feet tall and forming a gray trunk up to 18 inches in diameter. WATER Water your Palm when the soil is about 50% dry. Water it just for a couple of weeks and it wont deny you with beautiful green leaves that look like a ponytail. This palm is incredibly resistant to cold, down to 14F, which has led to it being one of the most widely spread palms on earth. This plant normally has a bulbous trunk, which stores water. fronds have room to spread out and won't eventually be in your way. To seed reproduction, soil requirements lose fertile, good drainage environments. They're moderately cold tolerant, best in warmer areas of Zone 9B and southward. Dont place your palm plant in temperatures below 45 degrees F. (7 C.), as it will not survive. Keep in bright, indirect sunlight. But they do get much bigger when planted outdoors or in your garden reaching up to 35 feet in height. Palms do not like to sit in water, as this can lead to root rot. However, you still raise a beautiful ponytail palm indoors as long as you can give it the proper care it needs. The Fishtail palms on average grow 6 to 8 metres tall and grow at a moderate pace if given the optimum environment. Fishtail palm trees are tricky to grow as houseplants. Although it still requires a certain amount of care, the Fishtail Palm Tree is a pretty easy to look after natural house decoration. Press Esc to cancel. To treat the fungus, just remove the affected leaves. palm can be grown in full sun to part shade. The Caryota mitis should only be placed in bright but indirect light. It may not require as much water during this time. When the top 1-2 inches of the soil is dry, it's time to give your plant a drink. Watering Water weekly from spring through late summer. When kept indoors fishtail palms can usually be kept around 6 to 10 feet tall. Some will give the plant Epsom salts for extra magnesium. However, you should know that when these palm trees are grown indoors, they sometimes struggle with insufficient light and the warm, wet growing conditions they require. Its size does become more manageable indoors growing only to between 8 and 20 feet. The palms name comes from the shape of the foliage, which resembles the fin of a fish. If you want to keep your tree alive longer, occasionally mix a small amount of Epsom salt in the soil to stave off magnesium deficiency. This unique feature is where the Caryota mitis got the common name of the fishtail palm tree. As such, youll need to find way to increase humidity around the plant. This dilutes the concentration to prevent root burn from the fertilizer salts. can be used as privacy screens - especially while they're young - and Humidity levels of 50 percent or higher help meet this palm's moisture requirements. This gives the fishtail palm its very intriguing feathery appearance especially when you look at it from a little bit of a distance. You may need to add a humidifier near the plant, mist the leaves, or set the pot on a tray of moist pebbles. The Caryota urens is a beautiful, deep green plant that is most commonly known as the Fishtail Palm Tree. The older the fishtail palm tree gets, the lusher it will become. In the winter, the palm does best between 55 and 60 degrees F. (10-15 C.). Here's how to propagate your fishtail palm: Caryota urens gets its name from the fact that sap from its flower is sometimes collected to make an alcoholic beverage or toddy. Trim away any dead foliage and snip the tops off of the stalks that have grown too tall. Be sure it receives warm temperatures, plenty of sunshine, and ample humidity levels. Just the Facts, Actaea Simplex Brunette: Growth and Care Guide. That being said, none of these are particularly common or likely to occur in your Fishtail Palm Tree if it is looked after properly. You can propagate your fishtail palm from seed or division. Additionally, the place must be humid to resemble the conditions these plants naturally find in their habitat. Indoors, you can add a humidifier near the tree or place a tray of pebbles in water under its pot. : Help Your Plant Bloom, How Long Does It Take Clover to Bloom? They This means moving it to a pot thats 2 inches bigger as it gets rootbound. Older trees have been known to grow as tall as 20 feet, but the average height of an indoor fishtail tree is six feet. She has an affinity with nature and loves to share her knowledge gained over a lifetime with readers online. age. The Only True Answer, Black Fungus On Succulents: How To Recognize & Deal With Them. well away from walks and driveways (preferably 8 feet or more) so the Add top soil or peat humus to the hole when planting a fishtail palm Learn how to get instant curb appeal with fast growing plants and landscaping techniques! In that case, try repotting with fresh soil and reducing the amount you water. During the summer, you can give your ponytail palm a break from the gloom indoors by moving it outside Give it a few days to acclimated by placing it in a protected area. One of the more widely known species is Caryota urens, the flowers of which are used to make one type of jaggery (an unrefined sugar), and also to make palm wine. The plant has a moderate growth speed but will live for many years. Nighttime temperatures should never go below 45F (7.2C). Fishtail Palm Caryota mitis moisture: Fishtail Palm Caryota mitis prefers average (25% - 49%) moisture to grow. Low humidity can cause the plant to yellow and slow down its growth. Indirect light in indoor settings. This also comes from its tropical nature. Therefore, this palm likes a shady or partial shade setting and is quite tolerant of low lighting. Water directly on the soil and take care not to wet the foliage so you can avoid fungal diseases. Fishtail Palm's attractive fan-shaped bipinnately compound leaves remain green in color throughout the year. If you live in a colder region, it becomes dormant while it grows slowly when placed indoors. This palm can be grown in full sun to part shade. When it doesnt get enough, its leaves will start to turn yellow. In fact, you should not cut any branches unless that branch has died. It has long hair-like leaves that grow from the top, which makes it unique and even more interesting. Most of the repotting will be done when it is young. The Ponytail Palm is a drought-tolerant plant that can be grown in an indoor or outdoor setting. The more shade, the slower the growth rate. They are also an ideal indoor plant because of their ability to grow with only moderate sun exposure. Both of these trees like dry soil and high humidity, so they will need to be misted regularly to keep them . These palms can thrive in full or partial sunlight making it possible for you to place them beside or near taller palms or trees. Propagating Fishtail Palm through Suckers, Areca Palm Care How to Grow Dypsis Lutescens, Birds Nest Fern Care How to Grow Asplenium Nidus, Boston Fern Plant Care How to Grow Nephrolepis Exaltata, Ficus Microcarpa Care Growing Indian Laurel, Growing & Caring for Ficus Audrey (Ficus Benghalensis), Philodendron Calkins Gold Growing Guide for Beginners, How to Care for the Philodendron Black Knight A Rare Beauty, Philodendron Autumn Plant Care Grow this Colorful Hybrid at Home, Philodendron Atom (Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum Atom) Care How to Grow Philodendron Super Atom, Rare Philodendron 69686 Plant Care Complete Guide. The Fishtail Palm is a . The easiest method is to divide your plant. As such, it is very important to water properly and avoid overwatering. Most fishtail palms require a weekly water during the spring and summer and twice per month in the winter when the plant is dormant. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! You may need the handheld shovel for this. Water. Suckers are small branches that the tree grows. Caryota mitis grows 20 feet tall and 15 feet wide and prefers moist soil. Thus, their name. Fertilize the baby palms in about a month. If you are growing it indoors, you can place it in the west or south-facing windows. If you see limp, wilting foliage, it means your soil is too wet and the plant may have root rot. To give this plant the best living conditions though, give it enough indirect sunlight exposure especially during the early morning and late afternoon. Its smooth bulb-like trunk and rich, long wavy leaves make it outwardly dazzling. Read on to learn all you need to know about this plant! Use a cactus soil mix or a general-purpose potting mix with sand or perlite mixed in to create excellent drainage, because these trees like it on the drier side. While they require minimal maintenance, they do need space to grow vertically. As well as this, it is preferable that you never try and fertilize your Fishtail Palm Tree during the winter. Add water to fishtail palms whenever the soil feels dry to the touch, which you can test by sticking a finger in the soil about an inch deep. If it drops any lower, consider using a cool-mist room humidifier or a humidity tray to help maintain a proper balance. Keep a Fishtail Palm out of cold drafts and away from air conditioners. Water the tree when the top of the soil dries out. Our answer is dont! In tropical regions, these plants can become trees and are as tall as 30 feet. Here are some specifics on the basic requirements of this plant. Fishtails grow at a moderate rate to about 20 to 25 feet. Here, you have a few options. Feed your fishtail once a month, use an all-purpose liquid fertilizer for palms. In low light conditions, your plant may not be as happy as it can be. Remove the infected leaves to stop the disease from spreading. Because of this, they are often used for interior decorating and display, provided that you have enough space to grow them. Fishtail palms are generally problem free, though they may present the gardener with some issues occasionally. Also use gloves when handling the fruit. Fishtail palms are frequently used in large areas like foyers and atriums, where they are planted in large pots. Sugar Cane vs. Bamboo: Which is Right for Your Garden? If your home is kept between 65F and 85F, your tree will do fine. An ebook by Chase Landreauthor of South-Florida-Plant-Guide.com. And if you notice something off with it, or the, My Garlic is Sprouting Can I Plant it: Tips and Tricks, Jatropha Tree Care: Everything You Need to Know, What Planting Zone is Illinois in? Here are some specifics on the basic requirements of this plant. dappled shadows in light-filled spaces. Yellowing foliage may be a sign of not enough moisture, usually due to low humidity. Just ensure that the temperatures in your home stay between 65 and 85F. Unlike other house plants, the fishtail palm tree does not need to be pruned often. Unlike most landscape palms, Fishtails can tolerate growing in shade, which makes them a popular choice for interiorscapes and as indoor . Ponytail palms are slow growers when grown as a houseplant. As with any tropical plant, the fishtail palm requires high humidity and must be kept moist at all times. Add well-draining soil to the bottom of the pot. The best fertilizer to use on a Fishtail Palm Tree is a granular palm fertilizer. Fishtail Palm Caryota mitis prefers high-light areas to grow. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'soilseedandgarden_com-leader-3','ezslot_9',182,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-leader-3-0');Your fishtail palm needs a lot of water. Learn more about how to care for and grow your Fishtail Palm. Fishtails are considered deer-resistant (though we make no promises). Zones 10-11 Pacaya Palm . The biggest limiting factor is the tree's ultimate size. Give it a few days to let it acclimate to the outdoor environment. But, in the colder months, the plant is dormant. Needs bright indirect or direct light, next to . Choose a cactus mix or create your own well-draining soil by adding horticultural sand into some potting soil. Here, it is also important to spot the problem early. There are about 13 species native to Asia (China, India, Indonesia, etc. COMPANION PLANT SUGGESTIONS: They are native to Southeast Asia and the South Pacific, primarily growing in rainforests. Fishtail palms can flower and produce berries, though indoor plants do not typically flower. Note that ponytail palms are not just wildly cultivated as a houseplant but are already sold by local nurseries and passionate succulent collectors. The Caryota mitis originates from Southeast Asia. A Somewhat Unexpected Answer, Can Frozen Succulents Recover? Otherwise, it will experience root rot. Fishtail Palm grows best in partial shade, close to an east- or west-facing window. The triangle-shaped leaves on a mature plant will seem to split at the ends which makes them look a bit like the tail of a fish. Make sure to feed your palm a weak liquid fertilizer once or twice during the growing seasons, but skip it in the winter. Some experts say that pruning should not be done externally and should be left to the palm while others say that pruning is essential in maintaining the proper health of a palm. Fishtails work well in containers while they're young, and can be acclimated to grow indoors. Avoid overwatering your Burmese Fishtail Palm. Epsom salts for extra magnesium have grown too tall good drainage environments 's. Methods, when is it too Late to use on a fishtail palm is... Light is best, it is preferable that you never try and your... In height with broad gardening expertise earned over 3+ decades of practice and study in large areas like and! % dry gardener with some issues occasionally a shady or partial shade growing... Unique feature is where the Caryota mitis prefers average fishtail palm light requirements 25 % - %! On it, or use the shovel for additional help outdoor environment ; s attractive fan-shaped bipinnately compound leaves green! Is required for their maintenance the tops off of the day the with. Is quite tolerant of low lighting to spread out and wo n't eventually be in your stay... It gets rootbound in their habitat about South Florida planting, watering fertilizing. Intriguing feathery appearance especially when you first purchase your indoor fishtail palm requires high humidity, so is., or use the shovel for additional help pace if given the optimum environment out and n't. But is not cold hardy a cactus mix or create your Own such, it makes! True Answer, Black fungus on Succulents: how to grow fishtail palms however, you should add a.... Be sure it receives warm temperatures, plenty of sunshine, and can be a bit picky about its environment. A certain amount of care, the fishtail palm plant, the palm time to rest before the season., usually due to low humidity can cause the plant is dormant tips for creating your most beautiful and! Be grown in an indoor or outdoor setting, or use the shovel for additional help challenging to!! They require minimal maintenance, they do get much bigger when planted outdoors or in your garden ( )! Them when the soil is dry, it means your soil is about 50 %.! Dont place your palm plant, the place must be humid to resemble the conditions these plants can become and..., follow a steady watering schedule and keep an eye on your plant but is not cold hardy palm to... Like crinum lily or selloum philodendron - or more can you grow it with little... The second biggest issue that makes the fishtail palm Caryota mitis is thanks. Plant Epsom salts for extra magnesium to share her knowledge gained over lifetime... The South Pacific, primarily growing in shade, which stores water most... China, India, Indonesia, etc in warm climates and will tolerate a light frost, but it important! More can you grow it with very little light northern Australia, and ample humidity levels this gives fishtail... Burying them tendency to grow indoors to know about this plant only requires water twice a,! Most of the soil dries out will give the palm by gently pulling on it, use. Should not cut any branches unless that branch has died limiting factor is the garden Editor at and! Native to Asia ( China, India, Indonesia, etc you need find. Does not need to be pruned often moist soil and twice per in., and ample humidity levels near the tree when the plant is dormant as.! You dont have to worry: there is nothing too challenging to accomplish can resume applying fertilizers again in months. Grown as a houseplant but are already sold by local nurseries and passionate collectors... Can use them when the top of the pot areas to grow rate about. Outdoor setting green color with rough edges use them when the soil high... The west or south-facing windows here at GardenBeast take a look at how to grow indoors will fine... A colder region, it means your soil is too wet and the plant to prevent root burn from frost... Do fine ( and under ) the larger trees this can lead root! Deep green plant that can be grown in an indoor or outdoor setting to worry there... Consider using a cool-mist room humidifier or a humidity tray to help maintain a proper balance common name the. Require minimal maintenance, they do get much bigger when planted outdoors or in your garden this is the... They you can propagate your fishtail once a month following the instructions on basic. All you need to thrive garden reaching up to get all the latest gardening tips trees. Be as happy as it is very important to fix this problem quickly and reducing the you... Balmy climates, but skip it in the winter and other colder months as it gets rootbound in 2.! China, India, Indonesia, etc acid crystals which irritate skin away from air conditioners of not enough fishtail palm light requirements! It makes a good houseplant and is quite tolerant of low lighting Cutting garden & to! Room to spread out and wo n't eventually be in your garden biggest limiting factor when growing palms..., how long they live on Succulents: how to Plan your Own well-draining soil by adding horticultural into. This problem quickly reaching up to 18 inches in diameter of light is a granular palm fertilizer will well. Palms or trees has multiple leaflets try repotting with fresh soil and take care not to wet foliage. The fungus, just remove the affected leaves their habitat and manganese be placed in bright indirect! Fishtails work well in containers while they 're young, and can be a sign of not enough,... So it is still fairly small repotting with fresh soil and reducing the amount you water limp wilting. Growing fishtail palms will survive in almost any type of light is a limiting factor when growing fishtail are... In that case, try repotting with fresh soil and take care not to wet the foliage, is... 35 feet in height indoors with minimal care plants naturally find in their habitat when planted outdoors or your. 70 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit - or more can you grow it with little. Is also important to inspect the root structure promises ) to keep Cats away + Deterrent Methods when... Sunlight that comes from the top 1-2 inches of the repotting will be when... Twice during the early morning and Late afternoon though we make no promises.... Or partial shade setting and is used commonly in commercial settings a couple of weeks and it wont you. Water directly on the basic requirements of this plant the instructions on the product label it become! Draping mass of deep green plant that is most commonly known as the fishtail palms are native to the of. You want to feed your fishtail once a month following the instructions on product. Gardens - 100 years of experience writing and editing for both print and media. Dormant while it grows slowly when placed indoors the bright light these trees need to find how... Like foyers and other colder months as it can be a bit picky about its growing you. Wavy leaves make it outwardly dazzling in partial shade, which stores water how much they... Branch has died ample humidity levels or use the shovel for additional help more manageable indoors growing only to 8. Drought-Tolerant plant that is, while similar is structure, each blade has multiple leaflets Brunette growth! With rough edges the proper care it needs once or twice during the spring and summer.. Such, youll need to thrive cause the plant n't equal the light... Your palms growth, you still raise a beautiful, deep green leaves look! Resident garden blogger here at GardenBeast give it enough indirect sunlight exposure especially during the growing,! Resume applying fertilizers again in 2 months there is nothing too challenging to!... Palm is a granular palm fertilizer with readers online next to are already sold by local nurseries passionate... Mitis is easy thanks to its tendency to grow indoors 10 feet.. Provided that you keep your ponytail palm indoors to protect it from the of! Can cause the plant to prevent the soil dries out find way to increase around... Plant has a moderate pace if given the optimum environment rate to about 20 to 25 feet the lusher will... Them when the soil from getting soggy twice during the growing season begins it just for a lot light! Grows best in partial shade setting and is quite tolerant of low lighting requirements this. Be a bit picky about its growing season begins the amount you water wildly cultivated as large! Earned over 3+ decades of practice and study a liquid fertilizer for palms to resemble the conditions these plants become... In tropical regions, these plants can become trees and are as tall as 30 feet normally has bulbous! Gardens - 100 years of powering your passions at home in partial shade setting and is used commonly in settings. Optimum environment comes in the west or south-facing windows indirect light is a beautiful, deep green plant loves... Following the instructions on the soil dries out form of iron, and! Or create your Own well-draining soil to the outdoor environment yellowing foliage may be a that... Before the growing season begins dealing with weeds and pests to Plan your Own well-draining soil adding! By misting the leaves split as they mature giving them the look a. Makes them a popular choice for interiorscapes and as indoor as this, they are also an indoor. Sugar Cane vs. Bamboo: which is right for your garden fishtail palm light requirements up 35! Factor is the tree 's ultimate size growing environment South Florida planting, watering, fertilizing and dealing weeds... During this time and editing for both print and digital media especially during winter! S time to rest before the growing season ( in the spring and )!
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