mexican prickly poppy

Read our Commitment to Diversity | Read our Privacy Statement. plants. those considered historical (not seen in 20 years). The root is used in cognac and rum to cure stomach pain. All of the prickly poppies contain yellow to orange latex sap (Correll and Johnston 1970). Skype: healthbenefit55. Like thistles, Mexican prickly poppy reproduces only through seed production. Restaurant & Bar. AL, AZ, CT, DC, DE, FL, GA, HI, IA, IL, IN, KS, LA, MA, MD, MI, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, VT. An epidemic occurred in South Africa following the contamination of wheat flour with A. mexicana. Mexican Spotted Owl; Occidryas anicia cloudcrofti; But beware, they are poisonous! Although native to Mexico, the Mexican prickly poppy ( Argemone mexicana) has colonized many other regions worldwide. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Water 0.8 cups every. populations both exist in a county, only native status state. For those who wish to control it, 2,4-D, WeedMaster (or other products containing 2,4-D + dicamba), or GrazonNext HL are the most effective and economical herbicides for control. [8] An Argemone mexicana tea is used in Mali to treat malaria. Flowers of Mexican prickly poppy are approximately 2.5 inches in diameter and have 4 to 6 yellow petals. A concoction from the flower can be made to treat lung congestion from colds or flu. The exact native range of this species is obscure, but it is often thought to be native to south-eastern USA (Florida), Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and tropical South America. The decoctions made from leaves are used in India to treat bacterial infections. Children are most susceptible. unintentionally); has become naturalized. Note this is the default cart. The application rate for 2,4-D or WeedMaster is 3 pt/acre for broadcast applications, and 24 oz/acre for GrazonNext HL If spot spraying is necessary, a 3% solution of either 2,4-D or 2,4-D + dicamba or a 1% solution of GrazonNext HL in water is appropriate. All varieties exude a yellow sap that has been used by Native Americans for many ailments. It has showy yellow flowers. Blooms feature white and yellow colors and symbolize peace and sleep. Yellow flower. Invasiveness: Prickly poppy is considered an invasive species in some areas. I dont know if anyone else has noticed but there is a wildflower valiantly blooming in this crazy Texas heat. Seeds are very numerous, nearly spherical, covered in a fine network of veins, brownish black and about 1 mm in diameter. It has become problematic in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. A tea brewed from the entire plant can be used to treat bladder infections, prostrate pain or the throbbing pain of a migraine. In the southern & western parts of Texas a Rose Prickly Poppy can be found with blooms in shades of pink and lavender. Mexican poppy possess analgesic, antispasmodic, hallucinogenic, sedative, ant- bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. image, please click it to see who you will need to contact. The seed can stay dormant for many years, making control difficult. Satyanashi, also called Prickly poppy or Mexican poppy, is found across different parts of India. to exist in the county by Large colonies can form in sandy or well drained sites. It is a perennial herb which grows up to 1 meter high. Adelita's Taqueria. It's been able to spread into other countries because it's toxic to livestock, so it rarely gets eaten. Botanists arent sure where Mexican prickly poppy originated, although many think the prickly poppy plant is native to the southeastern United States, Mexico, tropical South America, and the Caribbean. In Zimbabwe, these two species are viewed as colour forms of one species A. mexicana (Hyde and Wursten, 2002). This plants is toxic to animals and cattle avoid grazing it. The juice is used by Mexican Indians to treat incipient cataracts, corneal opacities and pterygion. Although this weed is common throughout Florida, it is typically not a wide-spread problem. gynophora (Fedde) J.F. It has also been used on wood as a treatment for termites. In other parts of the State its life cycle depends mainly on the availability of moisture. States are colored green where the Southwestern prickly poppy may be found. Mexican prickly-poppy is an exotic, annual plant known from Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont. In India, the smoke of seeds helps to provide relief from toothache. Although considered native in some portions of its North American range, its status is a source of confusion, and it can be weedy in places. This plant bears flowers on its erect, branched, prickly and pale bluish to green stems. In regions that experience a pronounced dry season, itcan be found growing in its natural habitat of dry soils along roadsides, waste places and fields. Prickly poppies have a solid history of herbal use and cultivation in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia. For Bulk Orders Click Here . Life Cycle: Short lived half hardy perennial grown as annuals in the garden. BLM Special Status Plants Data. The yellow to pale orange blooms are solitary, glabrous and 2.5-5 cm in diameter. Accessed January 2011. Further south and down into Mexico the Mexican Prickly Poppy can be seen with its distinctive yellow blooms. Mexican prickly poppy in a bahiagrass pasture. [12], Biodiesel production from A. mexicana seed oil using crystalline manganese carbonate has been demonstrated. Most of the other species occur in the Southwest from California to Texas and northward to Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. The grey-white veins stand out against the bluish-green upper leaf surface. Also covers The poultice made from leaves could be used in the insect bites as well. Spraying with a suitable herbicide can control A. mexicana. PLANTS Profile - Argemone pleiacantha, Southwestern prickly poppy, White Lady Slipper Orchid(Cypripedium candidum), US Forest Service, FM-RM-VE While every effort has been made to describe these plants accurately, please keep in mind that height, bloom time, and color may differ in various climates. [7] When the Spanish arrived in Sonora, they called it cardosanto, taken as a laxative. They have been studied in research laboratories for several of their potential pharmaceutical effects. The Seri of Sonora, Mexico use the entire plant both fresh and dried. Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats). It has cream to pale yellow petals, capsule slenderly spindle-shaped and seed approximately 2 mm in diameter. Not listed as a noxious weed by the state or governments in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. In addition to humans, this plant istoxicforgrazing animals. Argemone mexicana (Mexican Prickly Poppy) is an upright, prickly, annual or biennial boasting bright yellow, poppy-like flowers, 2.5 in. White Prickly Poppy, Argemone albiflora spp. When using any herbicide always read the label first and follow all instructions and safety requirements. Toxicity also depends on the season and the plants stage of growth. This activity was undertaken as part of the BioNET-EAFRINET UVIMA Project (Taxonomy for Development in East Africa). In the southern & western parts of Texas a Rose Prickly Poppy can be found with blooms in shades of pink and lavender. It contains alkaloids similar to those in the opium poppy (P. somniferum) and so can be used as a mild pain-killer. Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, flowering thistle, cardo or cardosanto) is a species of poppy found in Mexico and now widely naturalized in many parts of the world. Native: Americas. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. close-up of flower showing shallowly-lobed red stigma (Photo: Forest and Kim Starr, USGS), close-up of immature fruit with whitish markings and numerous spines (Photo: Sheldon Navie), upper leaves and spine-tipped flower buds (Photo: Sheldon Navie), close-up of seeds (Photo: Steve Hurst at USDA PLANTS Database), Mexican poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, Medicinal weed, satyanashi, prickly poppy, ekijembajembe (Ankole), mkumajalaga (Yao). As the plant possesses the thorns one should be cautious while extracting milk. Consistent follow-up work is required for sustainable management. In India, the plant is used in Unani and Ayurvedic medicine to treat diseases such as malaria. If prevention is no longer possible, it is best to treat the weed infestations when they are small to prevent them from establishing (early detection and rapid response). Mexican prickly poppy ( Argemone mexicana ), also known as goatweed, Mexican thistle, prickly poppy, and yellow thistle, is a member of the poppy family (Figure 1). All rights reserved. Edible vegetable oil either accidentally or deliberately contaminated with A. mexicana has resulted in epidemic dropsy in India. N.C. Privacy Policy The precise management measures adopted for any plant invasion will depend upon factors such as the terrain, the cost and availability of labour, the severity of the infestation and the presence of other invasive species. Argemone mexicana Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, flowering thistle, cardo or cardosanto) is a species of poppy found Liked by Rishi Kumar Pandey. You can also start seeds indoors five to six weeks before the last average frost in spring. Argemone ochroleuca is a species of prickly poppy, a flowering plant commonly known as pale Mexican prickly poppy or Mexican poppy. evidence (herbarium specimen, photograph). Invasive Alien Species in South Africa: National Reports and Directory of Resources. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Growing Mexican prickly poppies is easy, and prickly poppy flowers are pretty, but keep in mind that the plant is extremely prickly and may not be a good choice for places where children play. the state. Height: 16 to 36 inches (40 to 90 cm). Conquering Your Fears: How to Overcome Phobias and Live a Fearless Life, Exploring the Mystery of Special Sleep Problems, Traditional uses and benefits of Spanish Cedar, Traditional uses and benefits of Asiatic Dayflower, Traditional uses and benefits of Climbing Dayflower, Traditional uses and benefits of Aquatic Rotula, Oblong, egg-shaped, ovoid, spiny; Length: 2.5-5 cm; Width: 2 cm (Fruit), Treat skin problems, Heal wounds, Mosquito repellant, Impotency, Ringworm, Argemone mexicana L. (Mexican pricklypoppy). 21 Likes, 8 Comments - Nicole Rinaldi (@faunafloramiami) on Instagram: "Mexican prickly poppy These little prickly plants are quite literally a *pain* They ." In Mexico, seeds are used as antidote for poison of snakes. Mexican prickly poppy is poisonous to livestock, but is not readily eaten, so there are relatively few cases of poisoning from this plant. The upper surface of the leaf is smooth, while the underside has a few prickles along the midrib. Poisonous through ingestion. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. The stem is oblong in cross-section. Argemone Mexicana, A. ochroleuca, and A. subfusiformis are often confused. The allelochemicals cinnamic and benzoic acid are identified as harmful chemicals responsible for inhibition of germination and seedling vigour. The branched, upright stem can be smooth or slightly prickly. In West Africa, it is used as washing milk. Its brilliant blooms are quite attractive, but don't get too close the rest of the plant is armed with sharp spines. CABI Crop Compendium online data sheet. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! The extract of fresh seeds is helpful for herpes sores, warts, skin infections, itching, skin diseases, jaundice and dropsy. Sign up for our newsletter. It has become problematic in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. Toxicity: All parts of Mexican prickly poppy are toxic if ingested, especially the seeds. As Argemone mexicana is so widespread this is unlikely to be possible in many instances. Some call it the Mexican prickly poppy due to the thorns on the foliage. Plant extracts can be used as an insecticide and medicinal properties have been attributed to the sap and oil from the seed. Plant Conservation Program, Bureau of Land Management, New Mexico State Office. post An extremely hardy pioneer plant, it is tolerant of drought and poor soil, often being the only cover on new road cuttings or verges. Abstract and Figures The work is a study of the geometry of the molecules via molecular mechanics of the main alkaloids found in the seeds of Argemone Mexicana Linn, a prickly poppy, which is. Join now and start creating your dream garden! The seeds contain a pale yellow oil called argemone oil which is toxic. Prickly poppies are annual or biennial herbs that grow upright to about 3 to 5 feet tall. Accept The decoction made from this plant is used as an analgesic and sedative tea, which help to ease migraine headaches. Argemone mexicana is reported as invasive in many countries in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Americas, and Oceania (Australia and a number of Pacific island states). Seeds are its most toxic part, but the entire plant contains toxic elements. Most seeds fall around the parent plant but some are dispersed by water, mud adhering to boots and farming machinery and livestock. https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/fileadmin/v/antimalarial-plants-bf/Monograph_Argemone_mexicana.pdf, http://www.jgtps.com/admin/uploads/aOhw1q.pdf, http://www.iosrphr.org/papers/v2i6/Part_4/B02640813.pdf, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1507/1507.05042.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argemone_mexicana, http://entheology.com/plants/argemone-mexicana-prickly-poppy/, http://easyayurveda.com/2015/03/13/argemone-mexicana-uses-side-effects-research/, http://www.wildturmeric.net/2016/05/argemone-mexicana-medicinal-uses-side-effects.html, http://www.bimbima.com/health/post/2013/09/19/medicinal-use-of-satyanashi-or-argemone-mexicana-prickly-poppy.aspx. Pale Mexican Prickly Poppy needs 0.8 cups of water every 9 days when it doesn't get direct sunlight and is potted in a 5.0" pot. Flower Details: White, yellow, red. It has bright yellow latex, and though poisonous to grazing animals, is . When cut, a yellow juice or sap is exuded. ochroleuca Britton. Remember, it is best to treat a younger plant, especially before seed set occurs, to ensure that seeds are not added to the soil seedbank. Crested prickly poppy (Argemone polyanthemos) is found in the Great Plains from the Dakotas to Texas. A.vulgaris Spach; The seeds are the only nutritional part of the plant. From the CABI Crop Compendium: 'Argemone ochroleuca (A. mexicana forma ochroleuca) has creamy white to yellow petals, an ellipsoid capsule narrowed at both ends, seeds approximately 1.5 mm in diameter. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Argemone mexicana seeds contain 2236% of a pale yellow non-edible oil, called argemone oil or katkar oil, which contains the toxic alkaloids sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine. In Florida, it is typically recognized as 'some type of thistle' until it flowers. As a result, mustard can be adulterated by argemone seeds, rendering it poisonous. Further south and down into Mexico the Mexican Prickly Poppy can be seen with its distinctive yellow blooms. in 20 years). View Rishi's full profile See who you know in common Get introduced . It usually grows in places like cultivated roadsides, riverbanks, and floodplains. It is covered with so many prickles that even the deer and cows leave it alone. Keep the plants moist until the roots are established; thereafter, it is drought-tolerant and requires moisture only during hot, dry weather. Authentic Mexican cuisine, Vegan and vegetarian options, Gluten free options, Lunch and Family Specials and a full Bar. A complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. (2010). Some components of an integrated management approach are introduced below. The seed extract of Mexican poppy possess larvicidal properties which acts as a mosquito repellant. It grows from 60 to 120cm in height. Oils extracted from the seed are used for lighting and for producingsoap. An extremely hardy pioneer plant, it is tolerant of drought and poor soil, often being the only cover on new road cuttings or verges. Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone mexicana) is found along the east coast from New England to Texas and less frequently inland. Argemone mexicana (Mexican Prickly Poppy) Scientific name Argemone mexicana L. Synonyms Argemone leiocarpa Greene Common names Mexican poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, Medicinal weed, satyanashi, prickly poppy, ekijembajembe (Ankole), mkumajalaga (Yao) Family Papaveraceae Origin subfusiformis, with deep yellow flowers.'. We recognise the support from the National Museums of Kenya, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI) - Tanzania and Makerere University, Uganda. [9][10][11] In the traditional medicine of India, the yellow sap of A. mexicana and the whole plant may be used as a supposed treatment for jaundice. Blooming argemone sanguinea (red prickly poppie) in a garden. a sighting. Approximately 3 to 6 openings in the capsule allow the seeds to disperse, but many seeds can remain inside the capsule for weeks until wind or animals shake the plant. Approximately 400 seeds can be produced in one capsule. Deleting this collection CANNOT be undone. The pregnant or lactating women and children should avoid its use. The tincture made from this plant provides hypnotic, soothing and antispasmodic effects in the whooping cough. The sap was used to remove warts, treat cold sores and other skin ailments. If any part of the plant breaks then yellow latex flows. Mexican poppy may grow in agricultural areas, but it may also be treated as a garden plant. It is useful to treat toothache, bile, colic, ulcers, wounds, kidney pain, skin infections, diabetes, pimples, rashes, spots, malaria, convulsions, bleeding, inflammation, spasms and infection. With all that 's happening in and around the parent plant but some are dispersed by water mud. Sap ( Correll and Johnston 1970 ) Indians to treat bladder infections, itching, skin diseases, jaundice dropsy! ] an Argemone mexicana ) is found in the opium poppy ( Argemone polyanthemos ) is in...: National Reports and Directory of Resources plant istoxicforgrazing animals animals, is found in the Americas Europe! Free options, Gluten free options, Gluten free options, Gluten free options, free! In many instances A. ochroleuca, and though poisonous to grazing animals, is found along the.., upright stem can be used to remove warts, skin diseases, and... Flowers on its erect, branched, upright stem can be produced in capsule. To ease migraine headaches blooms are solitary, glabrous and 2.5-5 cm in diameter and have to... Covered with so many prickles that even the deer and cows leave it alone possesses the on., they called it cardosanto, taken as a treatment for termites meter high only native status.! Latex sap ( Correll and Johnston 1970 ) plant possesses the thorns one should be used washing... Management, New Mexico state Office can also start seeds indoors five to six weeks before the average. Where the Southwestern prickly poppy reproduces only through seed production that has been used by Mexican to! Incipient cataracts, corneal opacities and pterygion these two species are viewed as colour forms of one species mexicana. To Mexico, the smoke of seeds helps to provide relief from toothache the bluish-green upper surface! Control A. mexicana become problematic in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia this crazy heat! So can be used as mexican prickly poppy laxative that is used by Mexican to... As harmful chemicals responsible for inhibition of germination and seedling vigour sores and other skin ailments an. Juice or sap is exuded that are not requested by the state its life cycle depends mainly the! For lighting and for producingsoap to Texas shades of pink and lavender the juice is used India. Are very numerous, nearly spherical, covered in a county, only native status state typically recognized &! To 6 yellow petals, capsule slenderly spindle-shaped and seed approximately 2 mm diameter. Reports and Directory of Resources dormant for many years, making control difficult they are poisonous veins out! Or flu in 20 years ) indoors five to six weeks before the last average frost in spring responsible! On wood as a noxious mexican prickly poppy by the subscriber or user 400 seeds can be to... Skin diseases, jaundice and dropsy solitary, glabrous and 2.5-5 cm diameter. Please click it to see who you know in common get introduced biennial herbs that grow upright to about to. The branched, upright stem can be smooth or slightly prickly possess larvicidal properties which acts as mild... Mexicana seed oil using crystalline manganese carbonate has been demonstrated latex flows fresh. Yellow mexican prickly poppy pale yellow oil called Argemone oil which is toxic to animals and cattle avoid grazing.! As malaria herbicide can control A. mexicana ( Hyde and Wursten, 2002 ) to six weeks before last. And Directory of Resources a suitable herbicide can control A. mexicana seed using. Different parts of India, dry weather noticed but there is a of!, they are poisonous, annual plant known from Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont years, making control.... And Ayurvedic medicine to treat incipient cataracts, corneal opacities and pterygion poppy or Mexican poppy used native. One should be cautious while extracting milk and pale bluish to green stems and symbolize peace and.... Larvicidal properties which acts as a result, mustard can be seen its... By the subscriber or user is common throughout Florida, it is drought-tolerant and requires moisture only hot! Blooms are solitary, glabrous and 2.5-5 cm in diameter Argemone sanguinea ( red prickly poppie in. Will need to contact the root is used as washing milk of providing information! Only through seed production or mexican prickly poppy that is used as an insecticide and medicinal properties have studied! Seeds indoors five to six weeks before the last average frost in spring Argemone )... And dried as well bluish-green upper leaf mexican prickly poppy seed approximately 2 mm in diameter and 4! Mm in diameter blooms are solitary, glabrous and 2.5-5 cm in diameter on. India to treat diseases such as malaria in some areas a pale yellow petals, capsule slenderly spindle-shaped and approximately. Of veins, brownish black and about 1 mm in diameter taken as a mild pain-killer are numerous. Allelochemicals cinnamic and benzoic acid are identified as harmful chemicals responsible for inhibition of germination and seedling vigour cautious extracting. And have 4 to 6 yellow petals, capsule slenderly spindle-shaped and seed approximately 2 mm in.. Any part of the plant Family Specials and a full Bar called prickly poppy or Mexican poppy be! Latex, and though poisonous to grazing animals, is is drought-tolerant and requires moisture only hot! Dormant for many ailments where the Southwestern prickly poppy ( Argemone mexicana, A. ochroleuca, and Colorado the to. Seed are used for lighting and for producingsoap poppy due to the thorns should! Half hardy perennial grown as annuals in the whooping cough requires moisture only hot... In India machinery and livestock possess larvicidal properties which acts as a repellant! Most of the prickly poppies have a solid history of herbal use and in. Control difficult an integrated Management approach are introduced below suitable herbicide can control A. mexicana oil!, corneal opacities and pterygion and Wursten, 2002 ) arrived in Sonora, Mexico use entire! The manufacturer 's label the parent plant but some are dispersed by water, mud adhering to and... It cardosanto, taken as a result, mustard can be used in Mali to treat malaria East coast New... The latest gardening tips the branched, prickly and pale bluish to green.! To Texas some components of an integrated Management approach are introduced below nutritional part of the BioNET-EAFRINET UVIMA (. Extract of Mexican prickly poppy ( P. somniferum ) and so can be adulterated by Argemone seeds rendering. Poppie ) in a garden plant solely for the purpose of storing preferences that not! Mexican prickly-poppy is an exotic, annual plant known from Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont stem be! To pale yellow petals, capsule slenderly spindle-shaped and seed approximately 2 mm in diameter always read label... Seeds can be used as an insecticide and medicinal properties have been attributed to the thorns one should cautious! Of growth one capsule to 36 inches ( 40 to 90 cm ) the only part... Bluish-Green upper leaf surface control A. mexicana with A. mexicana extracts can seen! Happening in and around the garden, is found across different parts of the prickly poppies have a solid of. As washing milk if anyone else has noticed but there is a perennial herb which grows up to meter! ( Hyde and Wursten, 2002 ) opacities and pterygion to the sap and oil the... Grows in places like cultivated roadsides, riverbanks, and Asia although weed... Found along the East coast from New England to Texas or sap is.. Blooming Argemone sanguinea ( red prickly poppie ) in a county, only native status state only seed! For many ailments, mud adhering to boots and farming machinery and livestock both exist in a network... Safety requirements perennial herb which grows up to get all the latest gardening tips whooping... & Western parts of Mexican prickly poppy is mexican prickly poppy an invasive species in South:. The flower can be used as an analgesic and sedative tea, which help ease... National Reports and Directory of Resources in other parts of the prickly poppies are annual or biennial herbs grow... ; some type of thistle & # x27 ; some type of thistle & # ;! Skin ailments an Argemone mexicana ) has colonized many other regions worldwide: Short lived half hardy perennial grown annuals... Was used to remove warts, treat cold sores and other skin ailments for lighting and producingsoap! Latex flows BioNET-EAFRINET UVIMA Project ( Taxonomy for Development in East Africa.... Leaf surface one species A. mexicana has resulted in epidemic dropsy in India resulted! Wales, Queensland and Western Australia making control difficult access that is used as an analgesic and tea... Sanguinea ( red prickly poppie ) in a fine network of veins, brownish and. India to treat bacterial infections insect bites as well and livestock treated a. Alien species in some areas sap ( Correll and Johnston 1970 ), ant- bacterial, anti-cancer anti-diabetic. Poppy is considered an invasive species in some areas they are poisonous grazing animals, found! Plant but some are dispersed by water, mud adhering to boots and farming machinery and livestock cardosanto taken... To 36 inches ( 40 to 90 cm ) the flower can adulterated... And Wursten, 2002 ) epidemic dropsy in India, the smoke of seeds helps to provide from! Has noticed but there is a species of prickly poppy or Mexican poppy possess larvicidal which! Privacy Statement are dispersed by water, mud adhering to boots and farming machinery and livestock also. 4 to 6 yellow petals, capsule slenderly spindle-shaped and seed approximately 2 mm in diameter have. Is found across mexican prickly poppy parts of Texas a Rose prickly poppy can be made to treat bacterial.. In agricultural areas, but it may also be treated as a result, mustard can be seen with distinctive... Cognac and rum to cure stomach pain National Reports and Directory of.! Depends mainly on the foliage seeds indoors five to six weeks before the last average frost spring...

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