47 Volturcius, being questioned concerning his journey, concerning his letter, and lastly, what object he had had in view, and from what motives he had acted, at first began to prevaricate, and to pretend ignorance of the conspiracy; but at length, when he was told to speak on the security of the public faith, he disclosed every circumstance as it had really occurred, stating that he had been admitted as an associate a few days before, by Gabinius and Coeparius; that he knew no more than the envoys, only that he used to hear from Gabinius, that Publius Autronius, Servius Sylla, Lucius Vargunteius, and many others, were engaged in the conspiracy. Sallusts influence pervades later Roman historiography, whether men reacted against him, as Livy did, or exploited and refined his manner and views, as Tacitus did. And even in later time, when the state had become corrupted by luxury and indolence, the republic still supported itself, by its own strength, under the misconduct of its generals and magistrates; when, as if the parent stock were exhausted, there was certainly not produced at Rome, for many years, a single citizen of eminent ability. He also uses the less common endings -ere instead of common -erunt in the third person plural in the perfect indicative, and -is instead of -es in the accusative plural for third declension (masculine or feminine) adjectives and nouns. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Reflect seriously in how desperate a situation you are placed, and remember that you are a man. In what situation our affairs now are, you all understand as well as myself. All exclaimed that wicked and factious men, who had troubled the state with their seditious practices, had justly forfeited their lives. If we conquer, all will be safe, we shall have provisions in abundance; and the colonies and corporate towns will open their gates to us. 14 In so populous and so corrupt a city, Catiline, as it was very easy to do, kept about him, like a body-guard, crowds of the unprincipled and desperate. At this period the empire of Rome appears to me to have been in an extremely deplorable condition; for though every nation, from the rising to the setting of the sun, lay in subjection to her arms, and though peace and prosperity, which mankind think the greatest blessings, were hers in abundance, there yet were found, among her citizens, men who were bent, with obstinate determination, to plunge themselves and their country into ruin; for, notwithstanding the two decrees of the senate, not one individual, out of so vast a number, was induced by the offer of reward to give information of the conspiracy; nor was there a single deserter from the camp of Catiline. But in a large state there arise many men of various dispositions. Catiline's War & the Jugurthine War : Latin Text [Latin] by Sallust. On this occasion, Decimus Junius Silanus, who, as consul elect, was first asked his opinion, moved that capital punishment should be inflicted, not only on those who were in confinement, but also on Lucius Cassius, Publius Furius, Publius Umbrenus, and Quintus Annius, if they should be apprehended; but afterwards, being influenced by the speech of Caius Caesar, he said that he would go over to the opinion of Tiberius Nero, who had proposed that the guards should be increased, and that the senate should deliberate further on the matter. 62 terms. Of many who went from the camp to view the ground, or plunder the slain, some, in turning over the bodies of the enemy, discovered a friend, others an acquaintance, others a relative; some, too, recognized their enemies. Catiline then promised them the abolition of their debts; a proscription of the wealthy citizens; offices, sacerdotal duties, plunder, and all other gratifications which war, and the license of conquerors, can afford. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Several fragments of Sallust's works survived in papyri of the second to fourth centuriesAD. Or was it because scourging is a severer penalty than death? Sallust. Distinction such as this they regarded as wealth, honor, and true nobility. [38], Sallust's monographs of the Catiline conspiracy (De coniuratione Catilinae or Bellum Catilinae) and the Jugurthine War (Bellum Jugurthinum) have come down to us complete, together with fragments of his larger and most important work (Historiae), a history of Rome from 78 to 67BC. The entire text with commentary is available on-line in pdf format: Do not hestitate to make use of a modern edition in order to understand the grammar of the Latin. WebBellum Catilinae (War of Catiline), also called De coniuratione Catilinae (Conspiracy of Catiline), is the first history published by the Roman historian Sallust. For dominion is easily secured by those qualities by which it was at first obtained. WebThe book accords one chapter each to Sallust's Bellum Catilinae, Livy's account of the Bacchanalian affair,Tacitus on the Pisonian conspiracy, and Josephus and Appian on the assassinations of Caligula and Julius with a summary at the end of each to guide the reader's comprehension of the whole. Yet it was long a subject of dispute among mankind, whether military efforts were more advanced by strength of body, or by force of intellect. C. Sallusti Crispi Catilina, Iugurtha, orationes et epistulae excerptae de historiis. Benson, J. M. Catiline and the Date of the Consular Elections of 63 BC.. Who I am, you will learn from the person whom I have sent to you. Webantagonist in Sallusts Bellum Catilinae 51 and 52. [65] Among his admirers in England in the early modern period were Thomas More, Alexander Barclay and Thomas Elyot. These few kept all public offices, the administration of the provinces, and everything else, in their own hands; they themselves lived free from harm, in flourishing circumstances, and without apprehension; overawing others, at the same time, with threats of impeachment, so that, when in office, they might be less inclined to inflame the people. Having, however, formed his resolutions he ordered Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and one Quintus Coeparius of Terracina, who was preparing to go to Apulia to raise the slaves, to be summoned before him. Fulvia, having learned the cause of his extravagant behavior, did not keep such danger to the state a secret; but, without naming her informant, communicated to several persons what she had heard, and under what circumstances, concerning Catilines conspiracy. But when they failed to persuade the consul to such injustice, they themselves, by going from one person to another, and spreading fictions of their own, which they pretended to have heard from Volturcius or the Allobroges, excited such violent odium against him, that certain Roman knights, who were stationed as an armed guard round the Temple of Concord, being prompted, either by the greatness of the danger, or by the impulse of a high spirit, to testify more openly their zeal for the republic, threatened Caesar with their swords as he went out of the senate-house. Who in the world, indeed, that has the feelings of a man, can endure that they should have a superfluity of riches, to squander in building over seas and leveling mountains, and that means should be wanting to us even for the necessaries of life, that they should join together two houses or more, and that we should not have a hearth to call our own? All our power is situate in the mind and in the body. bevershed. 57 When it was reported in his camp, however, that the conspiracy had been discovered at Rome, and that Lentulus, Cethegus, and the rest whom I have named, had been put to death, most of those whom the hope of plunder, or the love of change, had led to join in the war, fell away. Others said that Tarquinius was suborned by Cicero, that Crassus might not disturb the state, by taking upon him, as was his custom, the defense of the criminals. There were many others, too, among the nobility, concerned in the plot, but less openly; men whom the hope of power, rather than poverty or any other exigence, prompted to join in the affair. Omissions? [7] However, Sallust's birth is widely dated at 86 BC,[4][8][9] and the Kleine Pauly Encyclopedia takes 1 October 86 BC as the birthdate. Among these was Aulus Fulvius, the son of a senator, whom, being arrested on his journey, his father ordered to be put to death. Do not suppose that our ancestors, from so small a commencement, raised the republic to greatness merely by force of arms. Sallust's Bellum Catilinae (select chapters) 38 terms. For before this period, most of the nobility were moved with jealousy, and thought the consulship in some degree sullied, if a man of no family, however meritorious, obtained it. WebSallust's Bellum Catilinae Resource Information The item Sallust's Bellum Catilinaerepresents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Missouri University of Science & Technology Library. Webedition. The two assigned excerpts are the most famous parts of the BC, the preface and the debate between Caesar and Cato on the punishment of the [31] It is not clear why: Sallust was not a skilled general; the province was militarily significant. 20 When Catiline saw those, whom I have just above mentioned, assembled, though he had often discussed many points with them singly, yet thinking it would be to his purpose to address and exhort them in a body, retired with them into a private apartment of his house, where, when all witnesses were withdrawn, he harangued them to the following effect: In his Bellum Catilinae, C. Sallustius Crispus or Sallust (86-35/34 B.C.) [21] According to one inscription, some Sallustius (with unclear praenomen) was a proquaestor in Syria in 50BC under Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. At last, when he was smitten with a passion for Aurelia Orestilla, in whom no good man, at any time of her life, commended anything but her beauty, it is confidently believed that because she hesitated to marry him, from the dread of having a grown-up step-son, he cleared the house for their nuptials by putting his son to death. But among the Romans there was never any such abundance of writers; for, with them, the most able men were the most actively employed. The senate also decreed, that if any one should give information of the conspiracy which had been formed against the state, his reward should be, if a slave, his freedom and a hundred sestertia, if a freeman, a complete pardon and two hundred sestertia. There were some, at that time, who thought that this affair was contrived by Publius Autronius, in order that the interest of Crassus, if he were accused, might, from participation in the danger, more readily screen the rest. At this period, too, he is said to have attached to his cause great numbers of men of all classes, and some women, who had, in their earlier days, supported an expensive life by the price of their beauty, but who, when age had lessened their gains but not their extravagance, had contracted heavy debts. 11 At first, however, it was ambition, rather than avarice, that influenced the minds of men; a vice which approaches nearer to virtue than the other. He saw that their punishment would be a weight upon himself, and their escape the destruction of the Commonwealth. The remainder Catiline conducted, over rugged mountains, and by forced marches, into the neighborhood of Pistoria, with a view to escape covertly, by cross roads, into Gaul. Besides, those whose parents, by the victory of Sylla, had been proscribed, whose property had been confiscated, and whose civil rights had been curtailed, looked forward to the event of a war with precisely the same feelings. In 49 Sallust sought refuge with Julius Caesar, and, when the civil war between Caesar and Pompey broke out in that year, he was placed in command of one of Caesars legions. His insatiable ambition was always pursuing objects extravagant, romantic, and unattainable. He rejoiced that, by the discovery of the conspiracy, the state was freed from danger; but he was doubtful how he ought to act, when citizens of such eminence were detected in treason so atrocious. All humans who are keen to surpass other animals had best strive with all their might not to pass through life without notice, like cattle, Hither also he ordered Valerius Flaccus, the praetor, to bring the box with the letters which he had taken from the deputies. His first political office, which he held in 52, was that of a tribune of the plebs. But success (I call gods and men to witness!) But he only, indeed, seems to me to live, and to enjoy life, who, intent upon some employment, seeks reputation from some ennobling enterprise, or honorable pursuit. The entire text with commentary is available on-line in pdf format: Bellum Catilinae Grammatical Commentary. Both are available for on-line purchase. XIX.Speech to the conspirators, XX.His promises to them, XXI.His supposed ceremony to unite them, XXII.His designs discovered by Fulvia, XXIII.His alarm on the election of Cicero to the consulship, and his design in engaging women in his cause, XXIV.His accomplice, Sempronia, characterized, XXV.His ambition of the consulship, his plot to assassinate Cicero, and his disappointment in both, XXVI.His mission of Manlius into Etruria, and his second convention of the conspirators, XXVII.His second attempt to kill Cicero; his directions to Manlius well observed, XXVIII.His machinations induce the Senate to confer extraordinary power on the consuls, XXIX.His proceedings are opposed by various precautions, XXX.His effrontery in the Senate, XXXI.He sets out for Etruria, XXXII.His accomplice, Manlius, sends a deputation to Marcius, XXXIII.His representations to various respectable characters, XXXIV.His letter to Catulus, XXXV.His arrival at Manliuss camp; he is declared an enemy by the Senate; his adherents continue faithful and resolute, XXXVI.The discontent and disaffection of the populace in Rome, XXXVII.The old contentions between the patricians and plebeians, XXXVIII.The effect which a victory of Catiline would have produced, XXXIX.The Allobroges are solicited to engage in the conspiracy, XL.They discover it to Cicero, XLI.The incaution of Catilines accomplices in Gaul and Italy, XLII.The plans of his adherents at Rome, XLIII.The Allobroges succeed in obtaining proofs of the conspirators guilt, XLIV.The Allobroges and Volturcius are arrested by the contrivance of Cicero, XLV.The principal conspirators at Rome are brought before the Senate, XLVI.The evidence against them, and their consignment to custody, XLVII.The alteration in the minds of the populace, and the suspicions entertained against Crassus, XLVIII.The attempts of Catulus and Piso to criminate Caesar, XLIX.The plans of Lentulus and Cethegus for their rescue, and the deliberations of the Senate, L.The speech of Caesar on the mode of punishing the conspirators, LI.The speech of Cato on the same subject, LII.The condemnation of the prisoners; the causes of Roman greatness, LIII.Parallel between Caesar and Cato, LIV.The execution of the criminals, LV.Catilines warlike preparations in Etruria, LVI.He is compelled by Metellus and Antonius to hazard an action, LVII.His exhortation to his men, LVIII.His arrangements, and those of his opponents, for the battle, LIX.His bravery, defeat, and death, LX., LXI. [76] In the second century AD, Zenobius translated his works into Ancient Greek.[74]. Our years are fresh, our spirit is unbroken; among our oppressors, on the contrary, through age and wealth, a general debility has been produced. The Histories, of which only fragments remain, describes the history of Rome from 78 to at least 67 bc on a year-to-year basis. [49] In this, he felt a "pervasive pessimism" with decline that was "both dreadful and inevitable", a consequence of political and moral corruption itself caused by Rome's immense power:[46] he traced the civil war to the influx of wealth from conquest and the absence of serious foreign threats to hone and exercise Roman virtue at arms. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. We will read the Sallust's Bellum Catilinae. I have called you together, however, to give you a few instructions, and to explain to you, at the same time, my reasons for the course which I have adopted. I could easily mention, Conscript Fathers, numerous examples of kings and nations, who, swayed by resentment or compassion, have adopted injudicious courses of conduct; but I had rather speak of those instances in which our ancestors, in opposition to the impulse of passion, acted with wisdom and sound policy. sophia20753. He remained in office until 45 or early 44. She makes everything famous or obscure rather from caprice than in conformity with truth. We must therefore avoid even the famous terseness of Sallust (though in his case of course it is a merit), and shun all abruptness of speech, since a style which presents no difficulty to a leisurely reader, flies past a hearer and will not stay to be looked at again. Whatever courage is in the heart of a man, whether from nature or from habit, so much will be shown by him in the field; and on him whom neither glory nor danger can move, exhortation is bestowed in vain; for the terror in his breast stops his ears. [81] During the French Wars of Religion, De coniuratione Catilinae became widely known as a tutorial on disclosing conspiracies. It was written c.4140 BC and again emphasised moral decline. Due to those charges and without prospects for advancement, he devoted himself to writing history,[25] presenting his historical writings as an extension of public life to record achievements for future generations. For those, whom Catiline had previously sent to those parts, had begun, without consideration and seemingly with madness, to attempt everything at once, and, by nocturnal meetings, by removing armor and weapons from place to place, and by hurrying and confusing everything, had created more alarm than danger. To recognize basic rhetorical devices used by Sallust. WebSummary The history begins with a brief preface on the nature of man, history, and a brief autobiography of Sallust himself. We might, with the utmost ignominy, have passed the rest of our days in exile. WebSallust, Bellum Catilinae. 49 Yet, at the same time, neither by interest, nor by solicitation, nor by bribes, could Quintus Catulus, and Caius Piso, prevail upon Cicero to have Caius Caesar falsely accused, either by means of the Allobroges, or any other evidence. But other laws forbid condemned citizens to be deprived of life, and allow them to go into exile. He ordered Caius Manlius to take the command on the right, and a certain officer of Faesulae on the left; while he himself; with his freedmen and the colonists, took his station by the eagle, which Caius Marius was said to have had in his army in the Cimbrian war. No one exercised the mind independently of the body; every man of ability chose to act rather than narrate, and was more desirous that his own merits should be celebrated by others, than that he himself should record theirs. 3. [57], Sallust avoids common words from public speeches of contemporary Roman political orators, such as honestas, humanitas, consensus. An "acceleration" reader exists on-line for Sallust, located here. I knew that the Romans had frequently, with small bodies of men, encountered vast armies of the enemy; I was aware that they had carried on wars with limited forces against powerful sovereigns; that they had often sustained, too, the violence of adverse fortune; yet that, while the Greeks excelled them in eloquence, the Gauls surpassed them in military glory. When Lentulus had been let down into this place, certain men, to whom orders had been given, strangled him with a cord. Your eminent integrity, known to me by experience, gives a pleasing confidence, in the midst of great perils, to my present recommendation. In the trial that followed, Cicero defended Milo, while Sallust and his fellow tribunes harangued the people in speeches attacking Cicero. For since the government has fallen under the power and jurisdiction of a few, kings and princes have constantly been their tributaries; nations and states have paid them taxes; but all the rest of us, however brave and worthy, whether noble or plebeian, have been regarded as a mere mob, without interest or authority, and subject to those, to whom, if the state were in a sound condition, we should be a terror. [53], He employed archaic words: according to Suetonius, Lucius Ateius Praetextatus (Philologus) helped Sallust to collect them. General Introduction 1. 'On his [Cicero's] consulship') for details of the conspiracy;[44] his narrative focused, however, on Caesar and Cato the Younger, who are held up as "two examples of virtus ('excellence')" with long speeches describing a debate on the punishment of the conspirators in the last section. [86] The probability that all these scrolls came from one or more ancient manuscripts is debated.[87]. Manlius and the Faesulan, sword in hand, were among the first that fell; and Catiline, when he saw his army routed, and himself left with but few supporters, remembering his birth and former dignity, rushed into the thickest of the enemy, where he was slain, fighting to the last. Walls secure it on every side, and over it is a vaulted roof connected with stone arches; but its appearance is disgusting and horrible, by reason of the filth, darkness, and stench. Am I of opinion, then, you will ask, that the conspirators should be set free, and that the army of Catiline should thus be increased? 6 terms. The work required is considerable, the rewards commensurate. Yet this proceeding was the commencement of great bloodshed. And if any one, as yet of unblemished character, fell into his society, he was presently rendered, by daily intercourse and temptation, similar and equal to the rest. For some time past, it is true, we have lost the real names of things; for to lavish the property of others is called generosity, and audacity in wickedness is called heroism; and hence the state is reduced to the brink of ruin. The case is, assuredly, dangerous, but you do not fear it; yes, you fear it greatly, but you hesitate how to act, through weakness and want of spirit, waiting one for another, and trusting to the immortal gods, who have so often preserved your country in the greatest dangers. jack_26_12 PLUS. To articulate a basic understanding of Sallust's historical and rhetorical aims. But his own experiences in politics imbued his analysis and his idiom with an energy and passion that compel the attention of readers. Sallust is famous for brevity, archaisms, novelties of vocabulary, and oddities of syntax and grammar. [51] At the same time, however, he conveyed a "starry-eyed and romantic picture" of the republic before 146BC, with this period described in terms of "implausibly untrammelled virtue" that romanticised the distant past. Caesar was esteemed for his humanity and benevolence; austereness had given dignity to Cato. 12 When wealth was once considered an honor, and glory, authority, and power attended on it, virtue lost her influence, poverty was thought a disgrace, and a life of innocence was regarded as a life of ill-nature. But the protection of the gods is not obtained by vows and effeminate supplications; it is by vigilance, activity, and prudent measures, that general welfare is secured. [37] According to Procopius, when Alaric's invading army entered Rome they burned Sallust's house. When he saw their spirits sufficiently elevated, he charged them to attend to his interest at the election of consuls, and dismissed the assembly. Sallusts family was Sabine and probably belonged to the local aristocracy, but he was the only member known to have served in the Roman Senate. When I contemplate you, soldiers, and when I consider your past exploits, a strong hope of victory animates me. You all know, soldiers, how severe a penalty the inactivity and cowardice of Lentulus has brought upon himself and us; and how, while waiting for reinforcements from the city, I was unable to march into Gaul. Bellum Iugurthinum. WebBellum Catilinae (War of Catiline), also called De coniuratione Catilinae (Conspiracy of Catiline), is the first history published by the Roman historian Sallust. The mind, when such feelings obstruct its view, cannot easily see what is right; nor has any human being consulted, at the same moment, his passions and his interest. magistermcwills. The pitfalls of over-working the tragic reading of Sallust can be found in Biichners summary of the history of efforts wherein Sallusts work was forced into five acts. His only recorded action was unsuccessful. His complexion, in consequence, was pale, his eyes haggard, his walk sometimes quick and sometimes slow, and distraction was plainly apparent in every feature and look. [45][46], Sallust's Jugurthine War (Latin: bellum jugurthinum) is a monograph on the war against Jugurtha in Numidia from 112 to 106BC. Ambition prompted many to become deceitful; to keep one thing concealed in the breast, and another ready on the tongue; to estimate friendships and enmities, not by their worth, but according to interest; and to carry rather a specious countenance than an honest heart. Sallusts Contribution to Roman Historiography 4. 32 He then hurried from the senate to his own house; and then, after much reflection with himself, thinking that, as his plots against the consul had been unsuccessful, and as he knew the city to be secured from fire by the watch, his best course would be to augment his army, and make provision for the war before the legions could be raised, he set out in the dead of night, and with a few attendants, to the camp of Manlius. jack_26_12 PLUS. Umbrenus, as he had traded in Gaul, was known to most of the chief men there, and personally acquainted with them; and consequently without loss of time, as soon as he noticed the envoys in the Forum, he asked them, after making a few inquiries about the state of their country, and affecting to commiserate its fallen condition, what termination they expected to such calamities? When he found that they complained of the rapacity of the magistrates, inveighed against the senate for not affording them relief, and looked to death as the only remedy for their sufferings, Yet I, said he, if you will but act as men, will show you a method by which you may escape these pressing difficulties. When he had said this, the Allobroges, animated with the highest hopes, besought Umbrenus to take compassion on them; saying that there was nothing so disagreeable or difficult, which they would not most gladly perform, if it would but free their country from debt. Catilines Speeches in Sallusts Bellum Catilinae. To gratify appetite, they sought for every kind of production by land and by sea; they slept before there vas any inclination for sleep; they no longer waited to feel hunger, thirst, cold, or fatigue, but anticipated them all by luxurious indulgence. There was at that time, too, a young nobleman of the most daring spirit, needy and discontented, named Cneius Piso, whom poverty and vicious principles instigated to disturb the government. Aeneid II. [7] But Ronald Syme suggests that Jerome's date has to be adjusted because of his carelessness,[7] and suggests 87 BC as a more correct date. His violent spirit was daily more and more hurried on by the diminution of his patrimony, and by his consciousness of guilt; both which evils he had increased by those practices which I have mentioned above. [66] Justus Lipsius marked Sallust as the second most notable Roman historian after Tacitus. When you are once resigned to sloth and indolence, it is in vain that you implore the gods; for they are then indignant and threaten vengeance. Catiline, when he saw that he was surrounded by mountains and by hostile forces, that his schemes m the city had been unsuccessful, and that there was no hope either of escape or of succor, thinking it best, in such circumstances, to try the fortune of a battle, resolved upon engaging, as speedily as possible, with Antonius. [42] It may have been written as "a plea for common sense" during the proscriptions of the Second Triumvirate, with its depiction of Caesar opposing the death penalty contrasting with the then-current slaughter. Yet many human beings, resigned to sensuality and indolence, uninstructed and unimproved, have passed through life like travelers in a strange country; to whom, certainly, contrary to the intention of nature, the body was a gratification, and the mind a burden. They also decreed that the consuls should hold a levy; that Antonius, with an army, should hasten in pursuit of Catiline; and that Cicero should protect the city. The women, also, to whom, from the extent of the empire, the dread of war was new, gave way to lamentation, raised supplicating hands to heaven, mourned over their infants, made constant inquiries, trembled at everything, and, forgetting their pride and their pleasures, felt nothing but alarm for themselves and their country. Highlights Sallust's influence and importance as a political thinker, as well as his relevance to current scholarly debates about historiography, post-modernism, how to read, and the meaning of history Sets recent contributions in the context of long and rich traditions of scholarship There were some, I know, who thought that the youth, who frequented the house of Catiline, were guilty of crimes against nature; but this report arose rather from other causes than from any evidence of the fact. But Catos ambition was that of temperance, discretion, and, above all, of austerity; he did not contend in splendor with the rich, or in faction with the seditious, but with the brave in fortitude, with the modest in simplicity, with the temperate in abstinence, he was more desirous to be, than to appear, virtuous; and thus, the less he courted popularity, the more it pursued him. Held in 52, was that of a tribune of the second century AD, Zenobius translated his works Ancient... That our ancestors, from so small a commencement, raised the republic to greatness by. Was written c.4140 BC and again emphasised moral decline Latin ] by Sallust victory animates.. Scrolls came from one or More Ancient manuscripts is debated. [ 74 ] on. From so small a commencement, raised the republic to greatness merely by force of arms the plebs was. Archaic words: according to Suetonius, Lucius Ateius Praetextatus ( Philologus ) helped Sallust to collect them [ ]! 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