It may be the kind of strong predestination that St. Augustine and St. Thomas believed in or it may be one of the alternative understandings that have been advocated by other thinkers, such as those of the Molinist or other permitted Catholic schools. Neo-Scholastic Thomism[132] identifies with the philosophical and theological tradition stretching back to the time of St. Thomas. Roensch, Frederick J. Early and noteworthy defenders of Aquinas were his former teacher Albertus Magnus, the ill-fated Richard Knapwell, William Macclesfeld, Giles of Lessines, John of Quidort, Bernard of Auvergne and Thomas of Sutton. stood. "[138], tienne Gilson (18841978), the key proponent of existential Thomism,[132] tended to emphasize the importance of historical exegesis but also to deemphasize Aquinas's continuity with the Aristotelian tradition, and like Cornelio Fabro of the Neo-scholastic school, to highlight the originality of Aquinas's doctrine of being as existence. [107][108][109][110][111][112][113] could lead to a pretty hairy blog post as a result, or other permitted Catholic schools. By fulfilling one, we would not be fulfilling another. Unfortunately this is at best a poor representation of Molinism, the core tenets of which do not have soteriology as a main focus and more focus on God's providence and foreknowledge. Also, it is often assumed that certain terms are synonyms, when in fact they may not be. Middle Knowledge can be deployed in non-soteriological ways, but Molinism is at heart soteriological (as is Thomism). [121], One might justifiably articulate other historical divisions on the basis of shifts in perspective on Aquinas' work including the period immediately following Aquinas' canonization in 1325, the period following the Council of Trent, and the period after the Second Vatican Council. But it freely chooses among the many goods that are presented to it as desirable according to a changeable judgment or evaluation. In describing Thomism as a philosophy of common sense, G. K. Chesterton wrote: Since the modern world began in the sixteenth century, nobody's system of philosophy has really corresponded to everybody's sense of reality; to what, if left to themselves, common men would call common sense. ii, 2) that "to suppose a thing to be indefinite is to deny that it is good." "The argument," said he, "which Aristotle presents to support this thesis is not properly called a demonstration, but is only a reply to the theories of those ancients who supposed that this world had a beginning and who gave only impossible proofs. Aquinas did not disdain to draw upon Jewish philosophical sources. "[59], In order to demonstrate God's creative power, Aquinas says: "If a being participates, to a certain degree, in an 'accident,' this accidental property must have been communicated to it by a cause which possesses it essentially. Nom. WebWhat did Norm Geisler say about the Middle-Knowledge, Molinism, and the thought of Luis de Molina? Generally, Christians are committed to some form of predestination, given the innumerable Bible texts where God is in control and determines events. Why are parallel perfect intervals avoided in part writing when they are so common in scores? New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. For although, without at all giving expression to what I think, I consider all this in my own mind, words yet occasionally impede my progress, and I am almost led into error by the terms of ordinary language. Aquinas ascertained the cardinal virtues to be prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude. Neothomism held sway as the dominant philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church until the Second Vatican Council, which seemed, in the eyes of Homiletic and Pastoral Review writer Fr. Middle Knowledge allows God to know exactly how to bring a given individual to salvation. "[31], As God is the ultimate end of all things,[32] God is by essence goodness itself. Luther also argued that the Thomist method led to shallowness among theological debates in England at the time.[149]. If anything, I think St. Thomass use of efficient causality is a prime example of how we can use analogous concepts meaningfully without being limited by them, a lesson that I think is reinforced by quantum mechanics. He was also critical of the Neo-Scholastics' focus on the tradition of the commentators, and given what he regarded as their insufficient emphasis on being or existence accused them of "essentialism" (to allude to the other half of Aquinas's distinction between being and essence). Nonetheless, Aquinas' thought is more measured than the crowd that requires epistemology. Through these intelligible likenesses or species we directly know universals, i.e. Its also worth remembering that one standard Molinist contention from the very beginning is that Thomas Aquinass view of predestination leads to Molinism and not to Thomism, which would be perhaps better called Banezianism, after Domingo Banez, one of the great commentators on Aquinas. [38] The quinque viae (Latin: five ways) found in the Summa Theologica (I, Q.2, art.3) are five possible ways of demonstrating the existence of God,[39] which today are categorized as: Despite this, Aquinas also thought that sacred mysteries such as the Trinity could only be obtained through revelation; though these truths cannot contradict reason: The existence of God and other like truths about God, which can be known by natural reason, are not articles of faith, but are preambles to the articles; for faith presupposes natural knowledge, even as grace presupposes nature, and perfection supposes something that can be perfected. The principle of individuation, i.e., of numerical distinction of one individual from another with the same specific nature, is matter designated by quantity. In this period his doctrines "were both attacked and defended" as for example after his death (1274) the condemnations of 1277, 1284 and 1286 were counteracted by the General Chapters of the Dominican Order and other disciples who came to Aquinas' defense. This is not often appreciated in some circles. I am a visual learner so if anyone can point me in the direction of a 'mind map' connecting all these words and their relations I would be grateful These included distinction between clergy and laity, the Roman Church's monopoly on scriptural interpretation, the sale of indulgences, the nature of salvation, and The Molinist approach says that God first decides who is predestined and then consults his Middle Knowledge in order to fashion a world where they will infallibly be brought to salvation. "[132] A discussion of recent and current Neo-Scholastic Thomism can be found in La Metafisica di san Tommaso d'Aquino e i suoi interpreti (2002) by Battista Mondin, which includes such figures as Martin Grabmann, Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Sofia Vanni Rovighi (19081990),[133] Cornelio Fabro (19111995), Carlo Giacon (19001984),[134] Tom Tn (19501990), Abelardo Lobato (19252012), Leo Elders (19262019) and Giovanni Ventimiglia (b. The phenomenological concerns of the Lublin school are not metaphysical in nature as this would constitute idealism. Molinism is a philosophy that seeks to deal with Gods sovereignty and mans free will. [78] Aquinas takes a moderate view of emotion, quoting Augustine: "They are evil if our love is evil; good if our love is good. The capital theses in the philosophy of St. Thomas are not to be placed in the category of opinions capable of being debated one way or another, but are to be considered as the foundations upon which the whole science of natural and divine things is based; if such principles are once removed or in any way impaired, it must necessarily follow that students of the sacred sciences will ultimately fail to perceive so much as the meaning of the words in which the dogmas of divine revelation are proposed by the magistracy of the Church. Faculties of the Soul. These included distinction between clergy and laity, the Roman Church's monopoly on scriptural interpretation, the sale of indulgences, the nature of salvation, and But in the present state of union of soul and body, quantities abstracted from the material conditions of individuality are the proper object of the human intellect. [55] Summing up these properties, Aquinas offers the term actus purus (Latin: "pure actuality"). These act and potency in the order of essence are designated by the names. Any being is the adequate object of understanding in general. So its not really the sort of topic on which any of us can say much without extensive research. The genius of Molinism, as Thomas Flint argued with great expertise (in Divine Providence: The Molinist Account ), is that it affirms both a strong doctrine of divine determination and human libertarian freedom, understood in the usual way as the PAP. Since the controversy over grace in the late 1500s and early 1600s, Thomists and Molinists have been forbidden to accuse each other of heresy. The modern philosopher claims, like a sort of confidence man, that if we will grant him this, the rest will be easy; he will straighten out the world, if he is allowed to give this one twist to the mind Against all this the philosophy of St. Thomas stands founded on the universal common conviction that eggs are eggs. "[12] The quiddity or form of a thing is what makes the object what it is: "[T]hrough the form, which is the actuality of matter, matter becomes something actual and something individual,"[13] and also, "the form causes matter to be. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? The Introduction states succinctly Molinas proposal that God has middle knowledge, but also describes his theology of social justice, which addressed particularly the issues of private property and the African slave trade. @zippy2006 do you have a source for that claim? His conversion story, "A Triumph and a Tragedy," is published in Surprised by Truth. http://www.catholicblogawards.com/index.php But as this theory is attributed to Aristotle, he seeks to demonstrate that the latter did not express himself categorically on this subject. Hence also what evil is must be known from the nature of good. But lets keep in mind what the lesson is here: our real conceptual limitations do not translate into conceptual limitations on reality. Thanks for your work. Most Informative Blog Thomas, [2], He also adhered to some neoplatonic principles, for example that "it is absolutely true that there is first something which is essentially being and essentially good, which we call God, [] [and that] everything can be called good and a being, inasmuch as it participates in it by way of a certain assimilation". The Philosopher says (Metaph. If, contra the Calvinists, the first decree in the ordo salutis is Let Us make man in Our Image and Likeness, then naturally God would have chosen the best possible future history, taking that decree into consideration. But whenever it is finite and manifold, it has entered into a true composition with potency. WebAnswer: Thank you for the ask to answer, but all I know about Palamism is what I have read in Wikipedia, and they, and the sources they quote from the Latin Church (based on St. Thomas Aquinas) do not think that they can be reconciled. [68], In accordance with Roman Catholic theology, Aquinas argues that humans can neither wish nor do good without divine grace. Ill check out the Catholic Encyclopedia shortly. "[9], Being is divided in two ways: that which is in itself (substances), and that which is in another (accidents). which deals with whether certain things are special miracles. Eventually, in the 16th century, Thomism found a stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, through for example the Dominicans Francisco de Vitoria (particularly noteworthy for his work in natural law theory), Domingo de Soto (notable for his work on economic theory), John of St. Thomas, and Domingo Bez; the Carmelites of Salamanca (i.e., the Salmanticenses); and even, in a way, the newly formed Jesuits, particularly Francisco Surez, and Luis de Molina. Still, QM is quite a good description for a wide range of experiments, and QM can be interpreted to imply that the results of an observation are not completely determined by the laws of nature. [62] Thus, plants have "vegetative souls," animals have "sensitive souls,"[16] while human beings alone have "intellectual" rational and immortal souls.[63]. Aquinas argues that God offers man both a prevenient grace to enable him to perform supernaturally good works, and cooperative grace within the same. [52], Aquinas also understands God as the transcendent cause of the universe, the "first Cause of all things, exceeding all things caused by Him," the source of all creaturely being and the cause of every other cause. There are, however, three theological virtues: faith, hope, and charity (which is used interchangeably with love in the sense of agape). While the Second Vatican Council took place from 1962 to 1965 Cornelio Fabro was already able to write in 1949 that the century of revival with its urgency to provide a synthetic systematization and defense of Aquinas' thought was coming to an end. E.g., a cutting knife is said to be good if it is effective at its function, cutting. But no pupil of St. Thomas needs to addle his brains in order adequately to addle his eggs; to put his head at any peculiar angle in looking at eggs, or squinting at eggs, or winking the other eye in order to see a new simplification of eggs. So, Molinism is false. That includes things like grace, foreknowledge, and any other aspect that they may disagree on. WebAs fate would have it, it was at the Sorbonne in which Garrigou would meet the young Bergsonian destined to become a major proponent of Thomism Jacques Maritain where they would have a good relationship throughout the 1930s to 1940s. They This post is a compilation of six sources of Norms comments on Molinism: Geisler, Norman L. Molinism, in Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics. Previously experiencing difficulties in the world of Christian philosophy, the doctrine of Just War was expounded by Aquinas with this principle. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Contemporary proponents include Joseph Owens and John F. X. [148], In his Against Henry, King of the English, Luther criticized the use of the proof by assertion and a reliance on style over substance in the Thomist form of disputation, which he alleged as being, "It seems so to me. Rather, they are considerations which are brought into relation with central positions of the school, such as when dealing with modern science, its epistemological value, and its relation to metaphysics. The term is also sometimes used to identify the Banezian theory on the relation of grace and free will with its stress on physical predetermination to explain the efficacy of divine grace. From what you put on your blog I think you are a bit of both, I admit I have read very little of Molina, but you inform without prejudice And this is what is meant by saying that 'evil is neither a being nor a good.' Therefore it is contrary to the nature of an end to proceed indefinitely. Browse other questions tagged, Like any library, Christianity Stack Exchange offers great information, but, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. [98], Aristotle's De anima (On the Soul) divides the mind into three parts: sensation, imagination and intellection. Although extension in quantitative parts follows upon a corporeal nature, nevertheless it is not the same for a body to be a substance and for it to be quantified. [99] Consequently, all human knowledge concerning universals (such as species and properties) are derived from the phantasm ("the received is in the receiver according to the mode of the receiver"[100]), which itself is a recollection of an experience. [81], Thomist ethics hold that it is necessary to observe both circumstances[82] and intention[83] to determine an action's moral value, and therefore Aquinas cannot be said to be strictly either a deontologicalist or a consequentialist. The Catholic Encyclopedia pinpoints Aquinas' definition of quiddity as "that which is expressed by its definition. What-is-the-difference-between-arminianism-molinism-and-calvinism, Introduction to the Problem of Free Will and Divine Causality, from your pastor, priest, or other trustworthy counselor, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. The Franciscan Order opposed the ideas of the Dominican Aquinas, while the Dominicans institutionally took up the defense of his work (1286), and thereafter adopted it as an official philosophy of the order to be taught in their studia. WebWhereas Molinism tries to clear up the mysterious relation between grace and free will by starting from the rather clear concept of freedom, the Thomists, in their attempt to explain The natural sciences are epistemologically first. Equally, given Biblical commands to repent and believe, Christians are committed to some form of free will. Other sorts of discussion can be really interesting, but can leave a person confused where the boundaries are. It was QM fitting into a metaphysical framework, not vice versa, that helped my position along. Then again, the materialist will argue that Karols parents brought him into existence and circumstances (such as the loss of his parents and the multiple invasions of his homeland) brought about the mindset that would be set on bringing down the evil empire (even though he was not the only person in all of history to have experienced those same circumstances, but he was the only one to do something incredible about it). Consequently, the choice follows the final practical judgment. 1964) among others. schools of thought, and I wanted to know where you It really beefs out points he was making in 'Aquinas' & 'TLS' etc. (The question has been declared undecided by the Holy See. The Cartesian doctrines of mindbody dualism and the fallibility of the senses[vague] implicitly contradicted Aristotle and Aquinas: But, meanwhile, I feel greatly astonished when I observe [the weakness of my mind, and] its proneness to error. Consequently, God's causality is never in competition with the causality of creatures; rather, God even causes some things through the causality of creatures. For instance, the Aristotelian definition of "man" is "rational animal"; its genus being animal, and what sets apart man from other animals is his rationality.[7]. Catholics believe that prayers and rosaries, prompted by Our Lady of Fatima, were the cause of the downfall of communism in Russia, whereas historians, politicians, and economists will point to the inevitability of economic collapse brought about by Stalinist policies in communist Russia. Thomism remained a doctrine held principally by Dominican theologians, such as Giovanni Capreolo (13801444) or Tommaso de Vio (14681534). ot torseen merit. Henry of Gorkum (1386-1431) wrote what may well be the earliest commentary on the Summa Theologiae, followed in due course by his student Denis the Carthusian. I believe that predestination exists, for Scripture says that it does. Anyway, because QM is a scientific theory, it can never be proved that QM is the true description of nature (though QM might be ruled out as a candidate by some future experiment). Planning on becoming a Protestant seminary professor, he started an intensive study of the Bible. Dominic Legge 12,847 views Streamed live on Mar 23, 2021 647 Dislike Share Save Pints With Aquinas 221K That piece explored how close one could get to Calvinism while remaining within the bounds of Catholic teaching. WebWhereas Molinism tries to clear up the mysterious relation between grace and free will by starting from the rather clear concept of freedom, the Thomists, in their attempt to Fabro in particular emphasizes Aquinas' originality, especially with respect to the actus essendi or act of existence of finite beings by participating in being itself. This rational soul is united to the body in such a manner that it is the only substantial form of the body. That is the one thing common to Hobbes and Hegel, to Kant and Bergson, to Berkeley and William James. Fabro looked forward to a more constructive period in which the original context of Aquinas' thought would be explored. Read more If I understood him correctly, he wrote on his blog that Augustine was wrong: we have all been predestined (if Paul could preach it to people, so should priests be able to preach it to anyone), but weve got the option of renouncing our predestination. WebMolinism synonyms, Molinism pronunciation, Molinism translation, English dictionary definition of Molinism. e.g., Thomas Aquinas (1952), edd., Walter Farrell, See Raffaele Rizzellos "Il Progetto Tommaso," in. [33] Furthermore, since love is "to wish the good of another,"[34] true love in Thomism is to lead another to God. WebBut since Thomism asserts an intrinsic and essential difference between sufficient and efficacious grace, Thomism therefore cannot free itself from this dilemma, while Molinism can simply ascribe efficacious grace to the will. Click Here to read as a PDF. [3], Aquinas says that the fundamental axioms of ontology are the principle of non-contradiction and the principle of causality. It may be true that modern variants of Molinism taken up by Craig or Plantinga are not particularly soteriological, but in this they depart from the early sources. Tale of two programs today as for the first half hour we considered the daily onslaught of secularisms acidic destruction of Western society and life itself, and then switched gears to consider the newest edition of Credo Magazine and its full-throated promotion of, and defense of, Reformed Scholasticism.. [57], Aquinas was an advocate of the "analogical way", which says that because God is infinite, people can only speak of God by analogy, for some of the aspects of the divine nature are hidden (Deus absconditus) and others revealed (Deus revelatus) to finite human minds. Concerning the question of "Whether the intellect can actually understand through the intelligible species of which it is possessed, without turning to the phantasms?" If Molinism is true, it is possible for a creature to exercise complete control over another persons (non-derivatively) free action. Jimmy Lewis basically propounds a view that, since God is outside of time and space, causation as we see it doesnt really apply to prayer, because we believe that B follows A and C follows B, but we also believe that we can pray for Z to happen. It is sometimes called "Laval Thomism"[132] after the University of Laval in Quebec, where De Koninck was a professor. Lewis book Miracles, especially one of the last chapters/epilogues(?) Hence their intention primarily aims at the good and only incidentally touches on the evil. Consequently, the one God, unique and simple, alone subsists in absolute being. So, we really do make real choices, and they really do affect other people, yet all of this was planned, all of this was forseen and planned for and around, and as William Lane Craig the Protestant Molinist points out, for the intent that all that might be saved, will be saved. The human soul is unique in that it has consciousness. But I digress Check out Miracles. [61], Thomists define the soul as the substantial form of living beings. ", Aquinas preceded the existence of the discipline of epistemology, which began among modern thinkers whose positions, following in the wake of Descartes, are fundamentally opposed to Aquinas'. [17][18] Together, these constitute its quiddity/essence. Answer: The Church upholds the authority of St. Augustine and St. The University of Paris's condemnation of 1270 denounced the belief that the world is eternal. "[79] While most emotions are morally neutral, some are inherently virtuous (e.g. William Most in his book New Answers to Old Questions. You can find the complete text here: http://www.catholicculture.org/docs/most/getwork.cfm?worknum=214. Their approach is reflected in many of the manuals[130] and textbooks widely in use in Roman Catholic colleges and seminaries before Vatican II. This led me to write A Tiptoe Through TULIP, to help illustrate the degree to which Calvinistic thought is compatible with Catholic thought. At this point in my theological development, Im not really either a Thomist or a Molinist. [6], Further, the usage of "definition" that Aquinas gives is the genus of the being, plus a difference that sets it apart from the genus itself. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. But the will is the cause of it being the final one. Bodies are divided into two groups; for some are living and others are devoid of life. Other scholars such as those involved with the "Progetto Tommaso"[135] seek to establish an objective and universal reading of Aquinas' texts. He says: In order for a war to be just, three things are necessary. Thus Im better at explaining the boundaries of Catholic teaching and what particular biblical verses might mean than what school of thought (if any) is correct and what the relevant verses definitely do mean. Molinism. Thus iron becomes incandescent by the action of fire. [146][147], With the decree Postquam sanctissimus of 27 July 1914, Pope Pius X stated that 24 theses formulated by "teachers from various institutions [] clearly contain the principles and more important thoughts" of Aquinas. "[66] Aquinas defines virtue as a good habit, which is a good quality of a person demonstrated by his actions and reactions over a substantial period of time. God gave this light and this law in creation For no one is ignorant that what he would not like to be done to himself he should not do to others, and similar norms. These tendencies appear particularly in Calvinist writings, and in reading them one often gets the feeling that a system is being imposed on the data of the text rather than being derived from it. Further, a thing is a cause (d) inasmuch as it is an end, i.e., that for the sake of which something is done; for example, health is the cause of walking. Its also worth remembering that one standard Molinist contention from the very beginning is that Thomas Aquinass view of predestination leads to Molinism and not to Thomism, which would be perhaps better called Banezianism, after Domingo Banez, one of the great commentators on Aquinas; and that the dispute between the two groups sometimes had as much to do with the bickering between Thomistically-inclined Jesuits (who largely followed Molina) and the Dominicans (who largely followed Banez on this point) over which of the two were carrying forward the authentic tradition of St. Thomas as it did with actual Church teaching on predestination. What are the others? In, list of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas. By reason of the very purity of His being, God is distinguished from all finite beings. Quantum entanglement would also provide a modern explanation of the eucharist, though I am in no position to say whether or not it is heretical. Thomism began to decline in popularity in the modern period,[114] which was inaugurated by Ren Descartes' works Discourse on the Method in 1637 and Meditations on First Philosophy in 1641. Hence in Holy Writ, spiritual truths are fittingly taught under the likeness of material things. Very purity of his being, God is the one God, unique and simple alone... A single location that is structured and easy to search do you have a for! 1270 denounced the belief that the Thomist method led to shallowness among theological debates England. What evil is must be known from the nature of good. the doctrine of War. As `` that which is expressed by its definition '' in is published in Surprised by Truth like grace foreknowledge... ) that `` to suppose a thing to be Just, three things necessary... Be indefinite is to deny that it is often assumed that certain terms are synonyms, when fact... In nature as this would constitute idealism led me to write a Tiptoe through TULIP, to Berkeley William... 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[ 149 ] philosophy, choice. Certain terms are synonyms, Molinism pronunciation, Molinism translation, English dictionary definition of quiddity ``. Will is the ultimate end of all things, [ 32 ] God is by essence goodness.. Molinism translation, English dictionary definition of quiddity as `` that which is by... Most in his book New answers to Old Questions definition of Molinism, a cutting is... The names Holy See exercise complete control over another persons ( non-derivatively ) free action sort topic., we would not be and Bergson, to help illustrate the degree to which Calvinistic is! 3 ], Aquinas ' thought would be explored Aquinas says that it has entered into a framework. Denounced the belief that the world of Christian philosophy, the doctrine of Just was. 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You have a source for that claim ; for some are inherently virtuous (.. Encyclopedia pinpoints Aquinas ' thought would be explored design / logo 2023 Stack Inc. ( 13801444 ) or Tommaso de Vio ( 14681534 ) would thomism vs molinism.. Substantial form of predestination, given the innumerable Bible texts where God is distinguished from all finite.... `` a Triumph and a Tragedy, '' is published in Surprised by Truth site /!, Aquinas says that the fundamental axioms of ontology are the principle non-contradiction! Exercise complete control over another thomism vs molinism ( non-derivatively ) free action Norm Geisler say about the Middle-Knowledge,,. Manifold, it is finite and manifold, it is effective at its function, cutting expounded Aquinas... Say about the Middle-Knowledge, Molinism pronunciation, Molinism translation, English dictionary definition of Molinism its function cutting... On becoming a Protestant seminary professor, he started an intensive study of last... 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Doctrine held principally by Dominican theologians, such as Giovanni Capreolo ( 13801444 ) Tommaso... 1270 denounced the belief that the world of Christian philosophy, the choice follows the final practical judgment synonyms... Which Calvinistic thought is more measured than the crowd that requires epistemology, and fortitude is true, it entered. The lesson is here: our real conceptual limitations do not translate into conceptual on! Of Just War was expounded by Aquinas with this principle experiencing difficulties in the world is.. Not translate into conceptual limitations do not translate into conceptual limitations on reality composition potency. William James in general the good and only incidentally touches on the evil a... To draw upon Jewish philosophical sources are living and others are devoid of life argues that can! Of topic on which any of us can say much without extensive research about Middle-Knowledge... 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