A monopoly is defined as a single seller in an industry with no close substitutes. Calculate the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HH). \[\begin{align*} \max &= TR TC\\[4pt] &= P(Q)Q C(Q)\\[4pt] &= (500 10Q)Q (10Q^2 + 100Q)\\[4pt] &= 500Q 10Q^2 10Q^2 100Q\\[4pt] \frac{}{Q} &= 500 20Q 20Q 100 = 0\\[4pt] 40Q &= 400\\[4pt] Q^* &= 10 \text{ units}\\[4pt] P^* &= 500 10Q^* = 500 100 = 400 \text{ USD/unit}.\end{align*}\]. A numerical example of the Cournot model follows, where it is assumed that there are two identical firms (a duopoly), with output given by Qi (i=1,2). A perfectly competitive firm has a Lerner Index equal to zero \((L = 0)\), since price is equal to marginal cost \((P = MC)\). In the next section, we will explore market structures that lie between the two extremes of perfect competition and monopoly. If profit-maximization \((MR = MC)\) is assumed, then: \[MC = P \left(1 + \dfrac{1}{E^d} \right) \label{3.10}\], \[P = \dfrac{MC}{1 + \dfrac{1}{E^d}} \label{3.11}\]. 29: 355-377. These two sources of inefficiency can be seen in Figure 5.4. This would result in a single product instead of a large number of close substitutes. The Lerner Rule comes from the firm's profit maximization problem. Based on these values, what would be the Lerner value? The resulting price and quantity under competition would be \(P_C\) and \(Q_C\) (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). If the other firms in the industry restricted output, a firm could increase profits by increasing output, at the expense of the other firms in the collusive agreement. The Lerner index is a crucial indicator of market power in the banking sector. CARGILL has the same strategy no matter what TYSON does: NAT. As that market . Consumers are losers, and the benefits of monopoly depend on the magnitudes of areas \(A\) and \(C\). Figure 5.5 Comparisons of Perfect Competition, Cournot, and Monopoly Solutions. Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly, 5.1.1 Market Structure Spectrum and Characteristics. The missing values for industry B are found as follows: from the Ed value of -2, we find that the Lerner index is 0.5. 2. Therefore, Firm Twos reaction function will be symmetrical to the Firm Ones reaction function (check this by setting up and solving the profit-maximization equation for Firm Two): The two reaction functions can be used to solve for the Cournot-Nash Equilibrium. This was Lerner's first major article on welfare economics, in which he introduced the idea that monopolies are a matter of degree, stating that their power depend on the excess of price over marginal costs, discussing also Pareto optimality and loss of total welfare in monopolies. Monopoly power is also called market power, and is measured by the Lerner Index. During the period 20002005 the Lerner index computed for the credit market slightly increased. The number of firms in an industry is determined by the ease or difficulty of entry. Notice that if the firms in an oligopoly colluded, or acted as a single firm, they could achieve the monopoly outcome. Monopolistically Competitive firms have one characteristic that is like a monopoly (a differentiated product provides market power), and one characteristic that is like a competitive firm (freedom of entry and exit). Since there are a small number of firms in an oligopoly, each firms profit level depends not only on the firms own decisions, but also on the decisions of the other firms in the oligopolistic industry. Michael Carlson. The natural monopoly is considered a market failure since there is no good market-based solution. In this case, the firm does not have enough revenue to cover the fixed costs. A perfectly competitive firm charges P = MC, L = 0; such a firm has no market power. Positive profits in the short run (SR > 0) lead to entry of other firms, as there are no barriers to entry in a competitive industry. In the case of a good with close substitutes, the price elasticity of demand is larger (more elastic), causing the percent markup to be smaller: the Lerner Index is relatively small. Outcome = A combination of strategies for players. Thus, A chooses to CONFESS no matter what. The long run profit-maximizing quantity is found where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, which also occurs at q*LR. Since a monopolist faces an inelastic supply curve (no close substitutes), area \(A\) is likely to be larger than area \(C\), making the net benefits of monopoly positive. Therefore, \(\dfrac{Q}{P} = \dfrac{1}{10}\). A representative firm has a Lerner index of 0.0034 and Rothschild index of 0.00023. This is the Cournot-Nash solution for oligopoly, found by each firm assuming that the other firm holds its output level constant. To summarize our discussion of oligopoly thus far, we have two models that assume that a firm holds the other firms output constant: Cournot and Stackelberg. We will discuss this possibility in the next section. Each firm chooses the optimal, profit-maximizing output level given the other firms output. Since L = 0.43, we can say there is low market competition. Economies of Scale = Per-unit costs of production decrease when output is increased. $30.30. Each firm is earning exactly what it is worth, the opportunity costs of all resources. To find the profit-maximizing level of output, the dominant firm first finds the demand curve facing the dominant firm (the dashed line in Figure 5.9), then sets marginal revenue equal to marginal cost. Ans. max 1 = P(Q)Q1 C(Q1)[price depends on total output Q = Q1 + Q2]. Then, during 20062009, there was a decrease in the Lernex index. Second, the benefit provided by monopolistic competition is product diversity. A duopoly in which both firms have Lerner Index of monopoly power equal to 0 is probably a Bertrand Oligopoly The Sweezy model of oligopoly reveals that: Changes in marginal cost may not affect prices There are many different models of oligopoly because Oligopoly is the most complicated type of market structure When the Lerner index is higher than 0, the company is positioned to set a product price higher than its marginal cost, and if L = 1, the firm is in a state of pure monopoly. 0. Cournot Oligopoly; Adobe Scan Nov 17, 2020 - Instructor: Shomu Banerjee Assignment: Cournot Duopoly 1; . In 2015, the article "Application of the Lerner index to the assessment of competition in small and medium-sized business in lending market of Russia" was published. An equilibrium is defined as a point where there is no tendency to change. RAND J. Econom. ( 1982) Todo a pulmn. As an aside, this assumption is one of the interesting themes of the motion picture, A Beautiful Mind, starring Russell Crowe as John Nash. d. $3.30. Prisoners Dilemmas are very common in oligopoly markets: gas stations, grocery stores, garbage companies are frequently in this situation. This type of strategic decisions can be usefully understood with game theory, the subject of the next two Chapters. When the price elasticity is small \((\mid E^d\mid < 1)\), demand is relatively inelastic, and the firm has more market power. This equation is called the Reaction Function of Firm One. At some point, the average costs will increase, but for firms characterized by economies of scale, the relevant range of the \(AC\) curve is the declining portion, of the left side of a typical U-shaped cost function. This is illegal in many nations, including the United States, since the outcome is anti-competitive, and consumers would have to pay monopoly prices under collusion. An oligopoly is defined as a market structure with few firms and barriers to entry. Solution:Given:Product Price Per Unit (P) = $4. Also, the price elasticity of demand is high in such a market. In supermarkets, the margin is usually 15-20%, and in convenience stores 25-30%. L The Lerner index is a widely accepted and applied method of estimating market power in a monopoly. This tradeoff makes the economic analysis of large firms both fascinating and important to society. The same result was achieved using both methods, so the Lerner Index for this monopoly is equal to 0.25. This market is best defined as Monopolistic Market. The short run equilibrium appears in the left hand panel, and is nearly identical to the monopoly graph. Suppose that the inverse demand curve facing a monopoly is given by: \(P = 500 10Q\). A collusive agreement, or cartel, results in a circular flow of incentives and behavior. This means that the demand curve intersects the \(AC\) curve while it is declining. \[L = \dfrac{P MC}{P} = \dfrac{1}{E^d} \label{3.9}\]. There are many oligopolies that behave this way, such as gasoline stations at a given location. Each oligopolist must take into account these strategic interactions when making decisions. A representative rm has a Lerner index equal to 0.43 and Rothschild index of 0.76. The Lerner index is a popular method of measuring the degree of market power in empirical industrial organization. This causes the firms to be interdependent, as the profit levels of each firm depend on the firms own decisions and the decisions of all other firms in the industry. The inverse demand function and cost function are given in Equation 5.1. $ 30.30 . The situation described by the prisoners dilemma is also common in many social and business interactions, as will be explored in the next chapter. This solves the problem of natural monopoly with a compromise: consumers pay a price just high enough to cover the firms average costs. Evaluate the following statement: "Managers should specialize by acquiring only the tools needed to operate in a particular market structure. This can also be seen in the right hand panel of Figure 5.4, where the long run equilibrium quantity is lower than the quantity where average costs are lowest (qminAC). This is an interesting outcome, since each prisoner receives eight-year sentences: (8, 8). For this monopoly, \(\dfrac{P}{Q} = 10\). ), or their login data. In this game, profits are made from the premium associated with natural beef. A firm choosing quantity Q facing inverse demand curve P(Q) and incurring costs C(Q) has profit equalling revenue (where R = PQ) minus costs: Under suitable conditions (that this is a convex maximization problem, e.g. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Each good has many close substitutes, so market power is limited: if the price is increased too much, consumers will shift to competitors products. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc. On the other hand, in pure monopolistic, Lerner Index is one. This table represents the estimation of the market power in the deposit market in Czech Republic. Collusion occurs when oligopoly firms make joint decisions, and act as if they were a single firm. The success of the cartel depends upon two things: (1) how well the firms cooperate, and (2) the potential for monopoly power (inelastic demand). Both firms choose to produce natural beef, no matter what, so this is a Dominant Strategy for both firms. This paper examines whether competition in major export markets for United States beef has changed between 1994 and 2015 and whether underlying cattle inventories impact that competition. Each perfectly competitive firm is a price taker. The indicator, so-called Lerner index, is defined as the difference between output prices and marginal costs (relative to prices). MC = P P L = 30 30 0,5 = 15. 100% (1 rating) Transcribed image text: A Lerner index of O suggests: 8. Dominant Strategy = A strategy that results in the highest payoff to a player regardless of the opponents action. 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